Decreased Copper in Alzheimer’s Disease Brain Is Predominantly in the Soluble Extractable Fraction

Table 1

Distribution of Cu in different cellular fractions and total levels from human brain.

Brain fraction	Cu (𝜇g/g of wet weight)		𝑃 value
	HC	AD
Soluble	1.93±0.6 (1.0–3.2)	1.46±0.6 (0.6–3.3)	<0.05
Peripheral/vesicular	0.57±0.2 (0.3–0.9)	0.38±0.3 (0.7–1.1)	>0.05
Membrane	0.52±0.2 (0.2–1.2)	0.36±0.2 (0.05–0.8)	>0.05
Formic acid¶	0.52±0.2 (0.3–1.0)	0.38±0.2 (0.05–0.7)	>0.05
Total homogenate§	3.33±2.2 (1.5–13)	2.29±1.0 (0.9–4.7)	<0.0001

Concentration based on wet weight of tissue, mean ± standard deviation (range).
¶(HC) 𝑁=20, (AD) 𝑁=22, §(HC) 𝑁=24, and (AD) 𝑁=23. Numbers in brackets are the 95% confidence intervals. 𝑃 values were calculated using one-way ANOVA Bonferroni multiple comparison post hoc test. (NS: nonsignificant).