Enhancing Resourcefulness to Improve Outcomes in Family Caregivers and Persons with Alzheimer’s Disease: A Pilot Randomized Trial
Table 4
Adjusted means, standard deviations, and effect sizes for study variables over time.
Variablesa
Resourcefulness training group ( = 50), mean (SD)
Usual-care group ( = 52), mean (SD)
Effect size
value
Resourcefulness*
T2
46.47 (27.37)
31.80 (27.37)
.54
<.001
T3
43.32 (28.83)
33.04 (28.83)
.36
.048
Depression*
T2
14.49 (8.89)
14.07 (8.89)
.05
.77
T3
13.23 (8.90)
14.41 (8.90)
.13
.13
Anxiety*
T2
40.72 (12.21)
35.33 (12.21)
.44
.042
T3
36.99 (11.97)
39.70 (11.97)
.23
.29
Preparedness*
T2
2.58 (.74)
2.39 (.74)
.26
.14
T3
2.86 (.70)
2.57 (.70)
.41
.041
Role reward+
T2
2.94 (.85)
2.89 (.85)
.07
.68
T3
3.00 (.90)
2.92 (.90)
.08
.61
Mutuality+
T2
2.45 (.77)
2.52 (.77)
.09
.54
T3
2.76 (.79)
2.52 (.79)
.30
.10
Role strain+
T2
1.94 (.83)
1.84 (.83)
.12
.43
T3
1.90 (.88)
1.85 (.88)
.06
.78
Behavior problems (frequency)+
T2
1.31 (.64)
1.34 (.64)
.05
.83
T3
1.31 (.60)
1.62 (.60)
.11
.11
Primary outcome.
+Secondary outcome
aPreintervention scores were used as covariates in the analysis. T2 = 6 weeks (immediately after intervention); T3 = 12 weeks after intervention. Values of .2, .5, and .8 were defined as small, medium, and large effect sizes, respectively.