Enhancing Diagnostic Accuracy of aMCI in the Elderly: Combination of Olfactory Test, Pupillary Response Test, BDNF Plasma Level, and APOE Genotype

Table 1

Demographic and clinical status in elderly with aMCI and normal cognition.

Variable	aMCI	Normal	𝑃	Odds ratio	95% CI
Age (years)
(a) ≤65	36 (45.6%)	43 (54.4%)	0.84	0.84	0.36–1.94
(b) >65	15 (50.0%)	15 (50.0%)
Gender
(a) Men	16 (50.0%)	16 (50.0%)	0.82	1.20	0.53–2.74
(b) Women	35 (45.5%)	42 (54.5%)
Years of education
(a) <6 years	20 (45.5%)	24 (54.5%)	0.97	0.91	0.42–1.97
(b) ≥6 years	31 (47.7%)	34 (52.3%)
Body mass index (BMI)
(a) Overweight (≥25.0 kg/m^2)	26 (48.1%)	28 (51.9%)	0.93	1.11	0.53–2.37
(b) Normal (<25.0 kg/m^2)	25 (45.5%)	30 (54.5%)
APOE genotype
(a) 𝜀4+	14 (46.7%)	16 (53.3%)	1.00	1.00	0.43–2.32
(b) 𝜀4−	36 (46.8%)	41 (53.2%)
BDNF level
(a) Low (≤1314 pg/mL)	26 (60.5%)	17 (39.5%)	0.04	2.51	1.14–5.52
(b) High (>1314 pg/mL)	25 (37.9%)	41 (62.1%)
Olfactory deficit
(a) Yes (Skor 0–6)	37 (77.1%)	11 (22.9%)	<0.0001	11.29	4.59–27.76
(b) No (Skor 7–10)	14 (23.0%)	47 (77.0%)
Pupillary hypersensitivity to tropicamide
(a) Yes (>22%)	44 (77.2%)	13 (22.8%)	<0.0001	21.76	7.94–59.65
(b) No (≤22%)	7 (13.5%)	45 (86.5%)
Systolic BP
(a) Hypertension (≥140 mmHg)	23 (44.2%)	29 (55.8%)	0.75	0.82	0.39–1.75
(b) Normal (<140 mmHg)	28 (49.1%)	29 (50.9%)
Diastolic BP
(a) Hypertension (≥90 mmHg)	29 (52.7%)	26 (47.3%)	0.29	1.62	0.76–3.46
(b) Normal (<90 mmHg)	22 (40.7%)	32 (59.3%)
LDL
(a) High (≥130 mg/dL)	35 (52.2%)	32 (47.8%)	0.21	1.78	0.81–3.90
(b) Normal (<130 mg/dL)	16 (38.1%)	26 (61.9%)
HDL
(a) Low (<40 mg/dL for men, <50 mg/dL for women)	18 (46.2%)	21 (53.8%)	1.00	0.96	0.44–2.11
(b) Normal (≥40 mg/dL for men, ≥50 mg/dL for women)	33 (47.1%)	37 (52.9%)