Taxonomic Distribution of Medicinal Plants for Alzheimer’s Disease: A Cue to Novel Drugs

Table 1

Medicinal plant species used for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.

Serial no.	Family	Plants name	Part used	Properties	Chemical constituents	References
01	Acanthaceae	Thunbergia grandiflora Roxb	Leaf extract	Antioxidant, antilipoxygenase, AChE inhibitor	Iridoids, glycosides	[44]
		Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.)	Active compound	AChE, BChE, and BACE-1 inhibitor	Grandifloric acid, phenolic acids	[27]
02	Acoraceae	Acorus calamus L.	Plant extract	Antioxidant, AChE inhibitor	Phenolics, flavonoids	[46]
03	Anacardiaceae	Mangifera indica Wall	Leaf extract	Antipyretic, antioxidant	Flavonoids, phenols	[48]
		Myracrodruon urundeuva M. Allemão	Leaf extract	Anti-inflammatory, AChE inhibitor	Phenols	[48]
		Semecarpus anacardium Buch.-Hamis.	Leaf extract	Antioxidant, anti-AChE	Flavonoids, phenols	[49]
04	Apiaceae	Ferula asafoetida H. Karst	Whole plant extract, resins	AChE inhibitor, antioxidant activity	Ferulic acid, umbelliferone, coumarins, and other terpenoids	[51, 128]
		Coriandrum sativum L.	Leaf extract, volatile oil	Antioxidant, antidepressant, and anxiolytic proprieties	Petroselinic acid, linalool, fatty acids	[53, 129]
05	Apocynaceae	Hancornia speciosa Gomes	Fruit extracts	Antioxidant, AChE inhibitor	Flavonoids, phenols, tannins	[55]
06	Araliaceae	Eleutherococcus leucorrhizus var. setchuenensis (Harms) C. B. Shang & J. Y. Huang and Eleutherococcus sessiliflorus (Rupr. & Maxim.) S. Y. Hu	Leaf extracts	Antioxidant, adaptogen, anti-inflammatory	Eleutherosides	[58, 59]
		Acanthopanax trifoliatus (L.) Voss and Eleutherococcus senticosus Maxim	Whole plant extract	Leukotriene signaling pathway inhibitor	Polyphenols, flavonoids	[59]
		Panax ginseng C.A. Mey	Root extract	Neuroprotective	Ginsenosides, gintonin	[61–63]
07	Arecaceae	Syagrus romanzoffiana (Cham.) Glassman	Leaf and fruit extract	AChE inhibitor	Stilbenoids, flavonoids, lignans, phenols, and fatty acids	[64]
08	Boraginaceae	Nonea micrantha Boiss. & Reut.	Whole plant extract	Antioxidant, AChE inhibitor	Saponins	[66]
09	Buxaceae	Sarcococca saligna Müll.Arg	Whole plant extracts	AChE inhibitor	Steroidal alkaloids	[67]
		Sarcococca hookeriana Baill	Whole plant extracts	Butylestrase inhibitor	Steroidal alkaloids, salignenamide	[69]
		Buxus papillosa C.K. Schneid	Leaf extract	Skin protectant	Vegainine, hookrianamide, buxakarachiamine	[70]
10	Convolvulaceae	Convolvulus pluricaulis Choisy	Leaf extracts	Antioxidant, muscarinic receptor stabilizer	Ascorbic acid, flavonoids, rivastigmine, terpenoids, steroids	[72]
11	Crassulaceae	Rhodiola rosea L.	Root and rhizome extract	Anti-inflammatory and adaptogenic, antioxidant	Glycoside salidroside	[58, 76]
12	Cucurbitaceae	Caryocar coriaceum Wittm.	Fruit extract	Antioxidant, antifungal and antileishmaniasis	Flavonoids	[77]
13	Fabaceae	Bauhinia forficata Link and Copaifera langsdorffii Desf	Fruit extract	Hypoglycemic, antioxidant, AChE inhibitor, hypoglycemic	Polyphenols	[79–82]
		Clitoria ternatea L.	Leaf and root extracts	Brain tonic antioxidant, muscarinic receptor stabilizer	Quercetin and myricetin glycosides	[72]
14	Ginkgoaceae	Ginkgo biloba L.	Leaf extracts	Antioxidant, AChE inhibitor	Terpenes, bilobalide, ginkgolide	[84]
15	Iridaceae	Crocus sativus Ten	Dry stigma powder	Antioxidant, neuroprotective	Crocin, crocetin, picrocrocin, and safranin	[84]
16	Lamiaceae	Mentha piperita L., Salvia longifolia Nutt., Betonica officinalis L., Satureja montana L., Teucrium L., Chamaedrys Moench, Clerodendrum cephalanthum subsp. montanum (Thomas) Verdc., Teucrium polium L., and Thymus vulgaris L.	Arial part and leaf extracts	Antioxidant, AChE inhibitor, anticholinesterase activity	Carotenoids, phenolic acids, rosmarinic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, Trolox	[92]
		Lavandula angustifolia Mill	Arial part extract	Antioxidant, neurotransmitter, antianxiety, hypnotic, anticonvulsant	Linalool, tannins, linalyl acetate, camphor, coumarins, triterpenes, flavonoids	[94, 95, 130]
17	Lessoniaceae	Ecklonia cava	Seaweed extract	AChE inhibitor, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer	Dieckol, phlorofurofukoeckol-A	[97]
18	Lythraceae	Lawsonia inermis L.	Leaf extract	Antioxidant, nootropic potential	Phytol, pseudoephedrine, aspidofractinine-3-methanol, phenol, 2,6-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-methyl, methylcarbamate	[98]
19	Lycopodiaceae	Lycopodiella cernua (L.) Pic.Serm, Lycopodiella riofrioi (Sodiro) B.Øllg, Lycopodium clavatum f. brevipedunculatum Louis-Marie, and Huperzia selago var. serrata (Thunb.) Á. Löve & D. Löve	Whole plant extract	AChE inhibitor, antioxidant, AChE inhibitor	Huperzine A	[99, 100]
20	Moraceae	Ficus carica L.	Mesocarp extract	Antioxidant	C-Sitosterol	[21]
21	Myrtaceae	Psidium guajava L.	Leaf and fruit extract	Antioxidant, antidiabetic	Linoleic acid	[103]
22	Oleaceae	Olea europaea L.	Fruit oil	Autophagous, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective	Polyphenols, oleuropein aglycone	[105–107]
23	Pedaliaceae	Sesamum indicum L.	Seed extract	Antioxidant, AChE inhibitor, neuroprotective	Sesamin, sesaminol, terpenes, flavonoids	[109]
24	Plantaginaceae	Rehmannia glutinosa f. lutea	Root extract	Antioxidant, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory	Catapols, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, bacopasaponin	[110]
		Bacopa monneiri or thyme-leaved gratiola	Leaf extracts	Antioxidant, antilipoxygenase	Brahmine, herpestine	[111]
25	Polygalaceae	Polygala alba var. tenuifolia S.F.Blake	Root extract	Antioxidant	Lipopolysaccharides	[112]
26	Ranunculaceae	Nigella sativa L.	Seed extract	Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant, AChE inhibitor, neuroprotective	Thymoquinone, phenols	[113–115]
27	Rhamnaceae	Ziziphus jujuba Lam	Whole plant extract	Antioxidant, immunostimulant, and anti-inflammatory	Flavonoids, polysaccharides, phenolics, terpenes	[117]
28	Sargassaceae	Sargassum sagamianum	Seaweed extracts	AChE inhibitor	Plastoquinones, sargachromenol, sargaquinoic acid	[119]
29	Saururaceae	Saururus chinensis hort. ex Loudon	Whole plant extract	Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory	Flavonoids, alkaloids, α-pinene, cinnamic acid, camphene, safrole, β-caryophyllene, linalool, and humulene	[121, 122]
30	Solanaceae	Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal	Root extracts	Antioxidant, adaptogenic, leukotriene signaling inhibitor	Sitoindosides, withaferin	[125]
31	Zingiberaceae	Curcuma longa L.	Rhizome extracts	Neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, protein hyperphosphorylation inhibitor	Curcumins, flavonoids, phenols	[127]