Survey of European and Major ISC Facilities for Supporting Mars and Sample Return Mission Aerothermodynamics and Tests Required for Thermal Protection System and Dynamic Stability

Table 6

Capabilities of some available European installations for investigating chemical kinetics and aerothermodynamics related to Earth reentry.

Name	Flow regime	Run time	Test section (m)	Mach number	Re 10–5 (1 m)	𝑇0 (K)	𝑃0 (MPa)	Measured quantities	Use in projects
F4 (ONERA)	High enthalpy	Up to 200 ms	0.7 to 1.2	6 to 20	0.06 to 23	2000 To 7000	20 to 50	Forces, moments, pressures, heat transfer, Schlieren, LIF, DLAS	Hermes, MSTP, ARD
HEG (DLR)	High enthalpy	Short Duration ~1 ms	0.41 to 0.88	~8; 4.7–6.2 km/s conical nozzle	2 to 6.7	7000 To 9900	35 to 90	Heat transfer and pressure, Schlieren and shadowgraph, holographic interferometry, DLAS, LIF	Hermes, Hope, MSTP, ARD, TETRA
TH2 (RWTH)	Cold and hot hypersonic	2 to 10 ms	0.586	6 to 12 (conic.); 7 (contoured)	2 to 160	1500 to 7500	6.5 to 80	Pressure and heat fluxes, infrared thermography, forces and moments, Schlieren	Hermes, MSTP, FESTIP