Reentry Trajectory Optimization for a Hypersonic Vehicle Based on an Improved Adaptive Fireworks Algorithm

Figure 7

Simulation results of 20 times minimum downrange reentry trajectory optimization using the I-AFWA.

(a) 3D trajectory

(b) Altitude-velocity

(c) Ground trajectory

(d) Angle of attack

(e) Bank angle

(f) Flight path angle

(g) Heating rate

(h) Dynamic pressure

(i) Aerodynamic load