Can Scalable Design of Wings for Flapping Wing Micro Air Vehicle Be Inspired by Natural Flyers?

Table 1

Wing parameters of various natural flyers.

Species		(g)	(mm)	(Hz)	()
Brachycera (fly)	Hoverfly [59]	0.022	11.3	166	—	—	—	—
	[60]	0.027	9.3	160	20.48	6.53	8.45	0.44
	Fruit fly [61]	0.001	2.8	225	—	—	—	—
	[60]	0.00072	2.02	254	1.36	2.59	6	0.28
	[52]	0.002	3	200	1.45	6.76	12.41	0.14
	March fly [62]	0.065	17	100	—	—	—	—
		0.027	14	130	—	—	—	—
	Conopid fly [62]	0.027	12	144	—	—	—	—
	Bluebottle fly [62]	0.062	10	135	—	—	—	—
	Black fly [62]	0.0008	3.8	183	—		—	—
	Drone fly [60]	0.068	11.4	157	36.89	9.09	7.05	0.49
		0.17	14.7	209	—	—	—	—
	Calliphiora [63]	0.015	—	180	15.3	4.80	—	0.5
		0.094	—	156	39.8	11.57	—	0.45
		0.062	—	165	33.85	8.97	—	0.5
		0.106	—	156	36.55	14.21	—	0.39
		0.061	—	161	30.55	9.78	—	0.44
		0.064	—	152	30.55	10.27	—	0.41
		0.035	—	156	25.3	6.78	—	0.47
		0.033	—	165	26.25	6.16	—	0.53
		0.03	—	161	28.5	5.16	—	0.59
		0.044	—	165	29	7.43	—	0.5
		0.05	—	175	33.65	7.28	—	0.58
		0.206	—	185	49.4	20.43	—	0.46
	Eristalis [63]	0.106	—	175	38.25	13.58	—	0.46
		0.093	—	180	41.95	10.86	—	0.55
		0.176	—	185	43.95	19.62	—	0.43
		0.143	—	185	40.95	17.11	—	0.44
Nematocera (Mosquite)	Crane fly [60]	0.011	12.7	45.5	30.18	1.85	10.69	0.29
	[45]	0.05	18.1	58	—	—	—	—
	Aedes aegypti [64]	0.0012	4.4	470	—	—	—	—
	Aedes aegypti [65]	0.001	2.5	600	1.75	2.8	7.14	0.74
	Tipulasp [63]	0.028	17.3	53	79.58	1.72	7.52	0.56
	Theobaldia annulata [63]	0.01	6.3	262	10.08	4.86	7.88	0.58
	Nematocera [63]	0.021	—	63	37.75	2.73	—	0.36
		0.035	—	42	69	2.49	—	0.34
		0.03	—	63	43.95	3.34	—	0.35
		0.034	—	49	62.5	2.67	—	0.37
		0.03	—	49	65	2.26	—	0.41
		0.021	—	49	45.35	2.27	—	0.34
		0.02	—	63	30.7	3.19	—	0.3
		0.075	—	49	76	4.84	—	0.3
		0.023	—	48	65.5	1.72	—	0.46
		0.022	—	48	60	1.80	—	0.43
		0.022	—	48	53	2.03	—	0.38
		0.025	—	49	50.5	2.43	—	0.35
		0.001565	—	67	10.65	0.72	—	0.4
		0.00083	—	80	9	0.45	—	0.55
		0.0099	—	262	8.45	5.74	—	0.49
		0.001025	—	600	1.2	4.19	—	0.5
		0.00189	—	360	2.5	3.70	—	0.46
		0.0058	—	277	7.5	3.79	—	0.6
Bee	Orchid bee [66]	0.09	10	214	—	—	—	—
	[52]	0.15	13	189	—	—	—	—
	[63]	0.82	25	105	—	—	—	—
	Honey bee [45]	0.1	9.8	197	30.14	16.6	6.4	0.42
	Honey bee [67]	0.1	15.9	197	—	—	—	—
	Bumble bee [60]	0.18	13.2	155	54.9	15.6	6.35	0.44
	[68]	0.6	22.3	167	—	—	—	—
	[67]	0.23	20.7	152	—	—	—	—
	[67]	0.23	20.7	140	—	—	—	—
	Xylocopa pubescens [33]	0.66	10	111.1	63.7	25.53	3.14	0.39
		0.72	9.65	111.1	59	29.91	3.16	0.34
	Bombus rupestris [33]	0.33	8.1	111.1	39.88	20.22	3.3	0.34
		0.45	10.4	107.1	53.23	20.81	4.06	0.38
	Tipula obsolete [45]	0.019	13.7	—	35.92	2.59	10.45	—
		0.011	12.7	—	29.51	1.89	10.93	—
	Tipula paludosa [45]	0.034	16.2	—	45.29	3.75	11.59	—
		0.05	17.4	—	53.82	4.54	11.25	—
		0.043	17.2	—	53.59	3.94	11.04	—
	Episyrphus balteatus [45]	0.052	10.2	—	23.84	10.6	8.73	—
		0.042	10	—	24.21	8.53	8.26	—
		0.035	10.2	—	25.59	6.65	8.13	—
		0.029	9.7	—	22.46	6.4	8.38	—
		0.041	9.9	—	23.17	8.72	8.46	—
		0.014	9	—	19.49	3.52	8.31	—
		0.027	9.3	—	20.47	6.54	8.45	—
		0.028	10	—	25.25	5.46	7.92	—
		0.014	7.7	—	14.2	4.9	8.35	—
		0.022	9.5	—	21.88	4.98	8.25	—
		0.025	9.5	—	21.46	5.8	8.41	—
	Eristalis tenax [63]	0.068	11.4	—	36.35	9.23	7.15	—
		0.11	11.1	—	33.35	16.5	7.39	—
	Apis mellifera [63]	0.1	9.8	—	28.5	17.5	6.74	—
		0.097	9.5	—	27.14	17.6	6.65	—
		0.078	9.3	—	25.78	16.6	6.71	—
		0.097	9.6	—	28.01	17	6.58	—
		0.087	9.4	—	26.82	15.9	6.59	—
	Psithyrus vestalis [63]	0.19	14.3	—	63.21	14.6	6.47	—
		0.16	13.8	—	57.02	13.5	6.68	—
	Bombus terrestris [63]	0.22	14.3	—	63.9	17.1	6.4	—
		0.23	14.2	—	57.78	22.6	6.98	—
	Bombus hortorum [63]	0.23	14.1	—	59.08	18.8	6.73	—
	Bombus agrorum [31]	0.17	11.4	—	40.05	21.3	6.49	—
		0.14	11.4	—	38.28	18.3	6.79	—
	Bombus lucorum [63]	0.23	14.1	—	58.22	19.5	6.83	—
	German wasp [69]	0.24	16.2	—	66.5	17.68	7.89	—
	European hornet [69]	0.6	21.5	—	152	19.25	6.08	—
	European hoverfly [69]	0.13	12.68	—	41.3	15.31	7.78	—
	Honey bee [69]	0.1	9.95	—	29.9	15.98	6.62	—
	Red-tailed bumblebee [69]	0.5	16.5	—	82.5	29.4	6.6	—
	Buff-tailed bumblebee [69]	0.39	16	—	71	26.78	7.21	—
	Bumblebee [70]	0.18	13	150	53	16	6.6	0.41
Coleoptera (beetle)	Tibicen linnei [33]	1.83	23.51	42.54	361.2	12.41	3.06	0.5
		1.85	23.35	44.1	356.5	12.74	3.06	0.51
		1.89	24.35	42.3	377	12.3	3.15	0.51
		1.81	23.55	42.9	359.55	12.36	3.08	0.51
		1.75	23.35	40.5	355.58	12.05	3.07	0.48
		1.84	22.95	42.9	357.38	12.61	2.95	0.5
	Allomyrina dichotoma [33]	4.29	22.23	37.46	322.14	32.73	3.07	0.25
		4.3	22.2	37	320	32.96	3.08	0.25
		4.5	24	36.1	366.5	30.11	3.14	0.28
		3.79	21.6	35.7	300.7	30.91	3.1	0.24
		4.61	22.4	39.5	329	34.36	3.05	0.27
		4.24	20.95	39	294	35.31	2.99	0.25
	Ladybird [60]	0.034	11.2	54	36.12	4.67	6.95	0.23
	Coccinella 7-punctata [63]	0.036	11.7	—	38.18	4.61	7.17	—
		0.027	11	—	34.04	3.85	7.11	—
		0.024	10.3	—	30.27	3.84	7.01	—
		0.034	11.2	—	35.49	4.76	7.07	—
		0.031	10.8	—	32.95	4.57	7.08	—
		0.597	—	62	222.5	13.15	—	0.4
	Coleoptera [63]	0.142	—	80	66.5	10.46	—	0.31
		0.291	—	78	114.5	12.45	—	0.37
Odonata (dragonfly)	Anax parthenope Julius [69]	0.79	71.6	—	995	3.89	10.305	—
		0.79	74.7	—	1090	3.55	10.245	—
	Damselfly [70]	0.045	29.9	27.5	118	1.86	15.15	0.34
		0.046	29.7	31.3	121	1.85	14.55	0.39
		0.052	29.1	34.1	115	2.2	14.7	0.38
		0.042	29.2	33.1	121	1.74	14.1	0.43
	Sympetrum flaveolum [33]	0.37	21.8	34.8	415.6	2.2	2.28	1.05
		0.33	21.65	38.5	416.4	1.97	2.26	1.24
		0.37	20.6	37.9	387.4	2.31	2.2	1.07
		0.31	20.95	35.3	370.1	1.93	2.22	1.04
	Aeschna juncea [71]	0.75	47.4	—	386.4	4.15	11.63	—
		—	46	—	—	4.15	8.4	—
	Odonata [72]	0.092	23.5	41	193.5	2.33	5.71	0.58
		0.101	27	44	255	1.94	5.72	0.78
		0.137	27.9	41	272.5	2.46	5.71	0.67
		0.102	22.5	41	177	2.82	5.72	0.51
		0.077	22.2	41	172.5	2.19	5.71	0.56
		0.09	25.4	46	226	1.95	5.71	0.77
		0.091	25.4	41	226	1.97	5.71	0.68
Butterfly	Battus polydamas [60]	0.45	53	12.4	1682.04	1.33	3.34	0.69
	Papilio thoas [29]	0.42	58.4	9.5	1937.82	1.07	3.52	0.63
	Parides childrenae [29]	0.37	46.1	12	1101.15	1.66	3.86	0.48
	Aphrissa boisduvalii [29]	0.14	32.5	13.7	1010.77	0.67	2.09	0.82
	Itaballia demophile [29]	0.089	28.4	11.7	653.09	0.66	2.47	0.57
	Archaeoprepona demophon [29]	1.06	60.4	8.9	2634.05	1.97	2.77	0.51
	Myscelia cyaniris [29]	0.091	31.6	9.1	715.82	0.62	2.79	0.48
	Pyrrhogyra naearea [29]	0.11	30.6	10.7	796.9	0.69	2.35	0.57
	Siproeta stelenes [29]	0.24	40.9	10.7	1203.46	0.98	2.78	0.58
	Dryas iulia [29]	0.18	44.1	13.9	764.17	1.12	5.09	0.55
	Janatella leucodesma [29]	0.024	18.1	13.3	246.32	0.48	2.66	0.47
	Morpho amathonte [29]	0.33	70.3	6.4	3594.25	0.45	2.75	0.89
	Morpho peleides [29]	0.36	60.5	6.9	2815.58	0.62	2.6	0.72
	Caligo illioneus [29]	1.04	74.3	9.6	4907.1	1.05	2.25	1.02
	Pierella luna [29]	0.077	35.1	13.7	772.42	0.49	3.19	0.84
	Ochlodes [33]	0.13	9.87	56.97	112.25	2.94	1.74	0.79
	Pieris rapae [33]	0.037	12.1	12.8	203.75	0.4	1.44	0.6
		0.039	12.1	9.9	229.35	0.42	1.28	0.51
		0.042	11.4	12.7	225.35	0.46	1.15	0.62
		0.03	12.8	11.7	219	0.34	1.50	0.65
		0.05	12.3	13.1	253	0.49	1.20	0.66
		0.04	11.94	12.04	231.09	0.42	1.23	0.61
	Plusia gamma [33]	0.06	7.35	43.5	60	2.43	1.80	0.47
		0.095	8.4	44.8	84	2.77	1.68	0.54
		0.095	8.25	50.8	83.2	2.8	1.64	0.61
		0.065	8	47.6	72.85	2.2	1.76	0.6
		0.079	8	46.68	75.015	2.55	1.71	0.55
	Ochlodes [33]	0.13	9.55	56.6	110.95	2.78	1.64	0.77
		0.15	10.15	57.7	115	3.15	1.79	0.76
		0.13	9.9	56.6	110.8	2.89	1.77	0.77
	Scarce swallowtail [73]	0.38	36.99	—	1800	0.82	1.52	—
	Large white [73]	0.15	31.01	—	920	0.68	2.09	—
	Small heath [73]	0.05	15.99	—	240	0.94	2.13	—
Hawkmoth	[12]	1.12	45.6	26.1	—	—	—	—
		1.83	43.5	25.9	—	—	—	—
		1.58	48.5	26.1	891	8.93	5.28	0.41
		1.65	51.9	26.3	953.5	8.53	5.65	0.43
		2	52.1	25.4	983.5	10.33	5.52	0.39
	[74]	1.41	49.7	28	994	6.95	4.97	0.52
		1.51	53.1	29	1067.3	6.93	5.28	0.56
		1.29	51.6	31	1021.7	6.19	5.21	0.62
		1.47	50.8	27	909.3	7.92	5.68	0.45
	Emmelina monodactylus [45]	0.0084	11.1	—	42.56	0.97	5.79	—
	Manduca sexta [45]	1.32	51.8	—	981.1	6.6	5.47	—
		1.58	48.7	—	817.8	9.5	5.8	—
		1.39	46	—	759.8	8.96	5.57	—
		1.34	51.8	—	918.9	7.17	5.84	—
	[73]	1.69	48.51	—	900	9.2	5.23	—
	[75]	1.67	49	25	891	9	5.3	0.38
	Giant peacock moth [73]	2.19	74.5	—	6000	1.54	1.85	—
	Death’s-head hawkmoth [73]	1.67	51.02	—	1025	7.65	5.08	—
	Hummingbird hawkmoth [73]	0.29	21.3	—	189.5	7.29	4.79	—
Bats	Soricina [76]	10.1	115	—	4266	11.3	6.2	—
		9.5	115	—	4266	10.8	6.2	—
	Yerbabuenae [76]	21.6	167.5	—	7903	13.4	7.1	—
		23.6	161.5	—	7671.25	15.1	6.8	—
	Glossophaga soricina [77]	11	119.72	—	4550	11.9	6.3	—
	Glossophaga soricina [78]	10.5	120.96	—	4645	11.2	6.3	—
	Leptonycteris yerbabuenae [79]	22.6	164.8	—	7760	14.2	7	—
	Cynopterus brachyotis [79]	30.7	197.55	—	11,650	13.14	6.7	—
	Pelcotus auritus [79]	9	134.69	—	6150	7.18	5.9	—
	Rousettus aegyptiacus [79]	118.3	276.42	—	28,300	20.5	5.4	—
		118.3	230.5	—	19,950	29.1	5.34	—
	Tadarida brasiliensis [79]	11.8	131.04	—	3504	16.5	9.8	—
	Chalinolobus gouldii [80]	13.4	173.06	9.04	8940	7.35	6.7	0.49
	Chalinolobus morio [80]	7	144.01	10.91	6755	5.08	6.14	0.62
	Chalinolobus nigrogriseus [81]	6.5	139.05	11.27	6090	5.24	6.35	0.6
	Hipposideros ater [32]	4.4	124.46	10.91	5305	4.07	5.84	0.61
	Macroderma gigas [32]	130	379.56	6.96	47,390	13.44	6.08	0.64
	Miniopterus schreibersii [32]	10.1	170.42	9.1	8370	5.91	6.94	0.53
	Mormopterus planiceps [80]	8.6	131.84	9.34	4795	8.69	7.25	0.34
	Nyctophilus arnhemensis [81]	7.1	150.71	11.43	7805	4.46	5.82	0.74
	Nyctophilus geoffroyi [32]	5.7	131.73	10.94	6110	4.74	5.68	0.62
	Nyctophilus gouldi [82]	10	152.43	10.4	7985	6.14	5.82	0.58
	Nyctophilus timoriensis [80]	11	161.01	10.56	8670	6.22	5.98	0.61
	[32]	14.2	174.81	11.08	10,135	6.88	6.03	0.66
	Pteropus poliocephalus [32]	700	668.83	3.4	129,100	26.59	6.93	0.37
	Pteropus scapulatus [32]	412	552.87	4.15	82,500	24.5	7.41	0.37
	Rhinonycteris aurantius [32]	8.6	153.94	9.76	7535	5.6	6.29	0.56
	Saccolaimus flaviventris [83]	46.2	287.49	8.36	19,725	11.49	8.38	0.54
	Scotorepens balstoni [80]	8	133.09	11.31	5650	6.95	6.27	0.5
	Scotorepens greyii [81]	7	125.02	11.59	5050	6.8	6.19	0.49
	Tadarida australis [80]	35.3	231.28	8.19	12,920	13.4	8.28	0.39
	Taphozous georgianus [81]	28.1	233.22	8	14,055	9.81	7.74	0.47
	Taphozous hilli [32]	24.1	230.83	7.47	13,680	8.64	7.79	0.46
	Vespadelus finlaysoni [83]	5.6	127.5	10.68	5210	5.27	6.24	0.52
	Vespadelus regulus [80]	4.7	116.76	10.75	4455	5.17	6.12	0.49
	Egyptian fruit bat [84]	104	265	—	23,250	22	6.04	—
	Minor epauletted fruit bat [84]	50.36	200	—	14,500	18	5.52	—
	Common pipistrelle [84]	5.3	104.5	—	3250	8	6.72	—
	Common noctule [84]	26.5	172	—	8050	16	7.35	—
	Northern bat [84]	9.9	138.5	—	5750	8.4	6.67	—
	Parti-coloured bat [84]	14.12	149	—	6100	11	7.28	—
	Brown long-eared bat [84]	9	135	—	6150	7.2	5.93	—
	Large-eared free-tailed bat [84]	35.58	224.5	—	10,850	16	9.29	—
Hummingbirds	Blue-throated [85]	8.4	85	23.3	1763	23.5	8.2	0.31
	Magnificent [85]	7.4	79	24	1486	24.7	8.4	0.29
	Black-chinned [85]	3	47	51.2	622.3	23.5	7.1	0.41
	Rufous [85]	3.3	42	51.7	476.8	33.6	7.4	0.3
	[86]	3.2	46.1	—	599.2	36.7	7.1	—
	[87]	4.24	45	53.25	494	42.11	8.2	0.28
		4.24	48	49.1	584	35.61	7.89	0.31
		4.1	51	47.3	668.5	30.08	7.78	0.35
		4.54	52	42.57	662.5	33.6	8.16	0.29
	Anna (male) [88]	4.52	54.5	45.9	714	31.02	8.32	0.34
	[89]	5.6	50	—	588.2	—	8.5	—
		5	50	—	543.5	—	9.2	—
		4.7	59	—	838.8	—	8.3	—
	Broad-tailed [87]	4.22	55	41.32	780.5	26.52	7.75	0.35
		3.46	54	36.38	736.5	23.05	7.92	0.32
		3.66	55	38.71	748	24.01	8.09	0.34
		5.16	57	39.25	799.5	31.67	8.13	0.31
		3.6	52	39.53	680.5	25.96	7.95	0.31
		3.61	56	37.17	817.5	21.66	7.76	0.35
		3.93	55	38.1	860.5	22.4	7.03	0.37
		4.1	57	37.94	837.5	24.02	7.76	0.35
	Ruby-throated (male) [90]	3.58	41	—	460	38.4	7.34	—
		3.67	41	—	485	37.3	6.96	—
		4.01	40	—	445	44.1	7.17	—
		4.16	43	—	455	44.9	8.13	—
	Ruby-throated (female) [90]	4.36	49	—	635	33.6	7.55	—
		4.36	48	—	640	33.3	7.18	—
		4.18	49	—	600	34.2	8	—
	Amazilia fimbriata [91]	5.1	58.5	35	850	29.4	8.05	0.29
	Aglaiocercus kingi smaragdinus [92]	4.65	61.2	21.7	988.9	23.34	7.58	0.22
	Chrysuroniaoerumejosephine [92]	4.6	54.1	32.8	748	30.35	7.82	0.25
	Lophomis delattrei [93]	2.79	40.3	50.7	394.8	34.5	8.23	0.27
	Phaethornis ruber [93]	2.64	40.7	40	484	27.2	6.83	0.26
	Giant hummingbird (male) [93]	22.6	143	13	4508.4	24	9.1	0.27
	(female)	19.6	139.7	13.9	4307.8	21.5	8.3	0.3
Birds	Hypoleuca [76]	14.8	117.63	—	5293.43	13.7	5.2	—
		14.1	116.31	—	5234.09	13.2	5.3	—
		13.7	118.4	—	5327.78	12.6	5.2	—
	Atricapilla [76]	16.3	120.58	—	5546.53	14.4	5.2	—
	Adean condor [94]	11,700	1490	—	562,500	99.96	7.9	—
	Great bustard [94]	8950	1738	—	794,850	54.88	7.6	—
	Wandering albatross [94]	8500	1703	—	310,300	134.26	18.7	—
	[94]	8877.6	—	—	310,000	140	—	—
	Griffon vulture [94]	7270	1278	—	527,000	67.62	6.2	—
	Brown pelican [94]	2650	1058	—	228,450	56.84	9.8	—
	Seagull [94]	1915	867.4	—	136,800	68.6	11	—
	White-fronted goose [94]	1715	703.5	—	91,650	91.14	10.8	—
	American black vulture [94]	1702	705	—	150,600	54.88	6.6	—
	Pheasant [94]	1660	428.4	—	79,800	101.92	4.6	—
	Serpent eagle [94]	1655	909.7	—	206,900	39.2	8	—
	Frigate bird [94]	1620	1010	—	162,000	49	12.6	—
	Velvet scoter [94]	1578	484.6	—	50,500	152.88	9.3	—
	Black-throated loon [94]	1495	599	—	59,800	122.5	12	—
	Herring gull [94]	1189	728.5	—	106,150	54.88	10	—
	Mallard [94]	1100	446.7	—	46,400	117.6	8.6	—
	Red kite [94]	927	807.4	—	144,850	31.36	9	—
	Peregrine falcon [94]	712	505	—	57,300	60.76	8.9	—
	Carrion crow [94]	470	451.3	—	52,900	43.12	7.7	—
	Pigeon [94]	330	316.2	—	31,750	50.96	6.3	—
	Jackdaw [94]	253	353.4	—	33,300	37.24	7.5	—
	Long-eared owl [94]	247	471.2	—	54,150	22.54	8.2	—
	Kestrel [94]	245	367.1	—	35,000	34.3	7.7	—
	Montagu’s harrier [94]	237	553.1	—	65,100	17.64	9.4	—
	Gray plover [94]	216	327.7	—	20,650	50.96	10.4	—
	Magpie[94]	214	297.8	—	32,250	32.34	5.5	—
	Little grebe [94]	180	220	—	11,800	74.48	8.2	—
	Merlin falcon [94]	173	303.7	—	20,500	41.16	9	—
	House sparrow [94]	30	123.1	—	5050	29.4	6	—
	Swift [94]	17	210.2	—	5200	16	17	—
	House martin [94]	14	147	—	4650	15.68	9.3	—
	Pied flycatcher [94]	12	116.5	—	4600	12.74	5.9	—
	Citril finch [94]	12	122.4	—	3700	15.68	8.1	—
	Stone chat[94]	12	108.4	—	3850	14.7	6.1	—
	Wren [94]	10	88.1	—	2250	23.52	6.9	—
	Gold crest [94]	4	71	—	1600	11.76	6.3	—
	Common tern [35]	117.3	—	—	25,000	23	—	—
	Dove prion [35]	173.5	—	—	23,000	37	—	—
	Black-head gull [35]	234.7	—	—	37,500	31	—	—
	Black skimmer [35]	306.1	—	—	44,000	34	—	—
	Common gull [35]	374.5	—	—	57,500	32	—	—
	Kittiwake [35]	398	—	—	50,500	39	—	—
	Royal tern [35]	479.6	—	—	54,000	44	—	—
	Fulmar [35]	836.7	—	—	62,000	66	—	—
	Herring gull [35]	959.2	—	—	90,500	52	—	—
	Great skua [35]	1377.6	—	—	107,000	63	—	—
	Great black-backed gull [35]	1959.2	—	—	136,000	71	—	—
	Sooty albatross [35]	2857.1	—	—	170,000	82	—	—
	Black-browed albatross [35]	3877.6	—		180,000	106	—	—