Can Scalable Design of Wings for Flapping Wing Micro Air Vehicle Be Inspired by Natural Flyers?

Table 3

Power functions of wing dimensions and flight parameters vs. body mass.

	(mm)	(Hz)	(mm^2)	(N/m^2)
All species	43.31m^0.39	40.63 m^−0.29	430.29m^0.77	10.85m^0.25	7.16 ± 1.47	0.48 ± 0.13
Brachycera (fly)	27.16m^0.27	140.83 m^−0.054	93.06m^0.39	54.68m^0.62	8.48 ± 2.81^(a)	0.45 ± 0.10
Coleoptera (beetle)	71.10m^0.43	14.12 m^−0.48	459.17m^0.61	3.31m^0.037	8.31 ± 1.62	0.44 ± 0.12
Nematocera (mosquito)	17.38m^0.14(b)	99.02 m^−0.30	97.90m^0.39	33.72m^0.41	7.35 ± 1.90^(c)	0.39 ± 0.04
Bee	19.41m^0.14	48.46 m^−0.13	230.68m^0.33	10.40m^0.75	4.4 ± 1.94	0.37 ± 0.12^(d)
Odonata (dragonfly)	57.13m^0.36	40.93m^0.036	964.24m^0.71	3.56m^0.23	7.79 ± 4.52	0.70 ± 0.29
Butterfly	74.39m^0.53	19.16 m^−0.090	3825.99m^0.83	1.60m^0.095	2.23 ± 0.87	0.64 ± 0.14
Hawkmoth	42.32m^0.42	29.34 m^−0.20	56.94m^5.71	7.07m^0.20	5.19 ± 0.91	0.47 ± 0.09^(e)
Bats	60.16m^0.36	15.59 m^−0.19	862.71m^0.76	4.55m^0.29	6.65 ± 0.97	0.53 ± 0.10
Hummingbird	21.07m^0.62	88.25 m^−0.57	133.42m^1.15	38.27 m^−0.16	7.86 ± 0.56	0.31 ± 0.04
Bird	36.98m^0.41	—	349.11m^0.80	9.71m^0.27	8.41 ± 2.98	—

The accuracy of average value of (a), (c), (d), (e), and formula (b) will be low due to the less survey numbers. The data in and are displayed as .