Minimum-Fuel Ascent of Hypersonic Vehicle considering Control Constraint Using the Improved Pigeon-Inspired Optimization Algorithm

<table class="figure-group"><tr class="fig-image" id="a"><td><object data="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/ijae/volume-2020/3024607/figures/3024607.fig.006a.svgz" name="3024607.fig.006a" type="image/svg+xml"></object></td></tr><tr class="fig-caption"><td><b>(a) </b>Dynamic pressure</td></tr><tr class="fig-image" id="b"><td><object data="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/ijae/volume-2020/3024607/figures/3024607.fig.006b.svgz" name="3024607.fig.006b" type="image/svg+xml"></object></td></tr><tr class="fig-caption"><td><b>(b) </b>Heat flux</td></tr><tr class="fig-image" id="c"><td><object data="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/ijae/volume-2020/3024607/figures/3024607.fig.006c.svgz" name="3024607.fig.006c" type="image/svg+xml"></object></td></tr><tr class="fig-caption"><td><b>(c) </b>Overload</td></tr></table>

<div>Dynamic pressure, heat flux, and overload of optimal ascent trajectories.</div>

International Journal of Aerospace Engineering

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Figure 6

Figure 6: Minimum-Fuel Ascent of Hypersonic Vehicle considering Control Constraint Using the Improved Pigeon-Inspired Optimization Algorithm 