Minimum-Fuel Ascent of Hypersonic Vehicle considering Control Constraint Using the Improved Pigeon-Inspired Optimization Algorithm

<table class="figure-group"><tr class="fig-image" id="a"><td><object data="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/ijae/volume-2020/3024607/figures/3024607.fig.008a.svgz" name="3024607.fig.008a" type="image/svg+xml"></object></td></tr><tr class="fig-caption"><td><b>(a) </b>Angle of attack</td></tr><tr class="fig-image" id="b"><td><object data="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/ijae/volume-2020/3024607/figures/3024607.fig.008b.svgz" name="3024607.fig.008b" type="image/svg+xml"></object></td></tr><tr class="fig-caption"><td><b>(b) </b>Rudder deflection</td></tr><tr class="fig-image" id="c"><td><object data="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/ijae/volume-2020/3024607/figures/3024607.fig.008c.svgz" name="3024607.fig.008c" type="image/svg+xml"></object></td></tr><tr class="fig-caption"><td><b>(c) </b>Fuel equivalent ratio</td></tr></table>

<div>Control variables obtained by trajectory inverse algorithm.</div>

International Journal of Aerospace Engineering

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Figure 8

Figure 8: Minimum-Fuel Ascent of Hypersonic Vehicle considering Control Constraint Using the Improved Pigeon-Inspired Optimization Algorithm 