Disturbance Observer-Based Adaptive Control of Hypersonic Vehicles with Constrained Actuators

<div>Estimation errors <span class="nowrap"><svg height="15.2153pt" id="M249" style="vertical-align:-3.2911pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.9242 16.7991 15.2153" width="16.7991pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,.528,-2.897)"><path d="M658 557C549 593 437 629 340 673H318C222 629 109 593 0 557L9 532C116 551 225 577 329 602C435 576 543 551 649 532L658 557Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M377 665C166 665 44 494 44 317C44 126 183 -15 363 -15C547 -15 695 118 695 333C695 533 546 665 377 665ZM355 630C491 630 593 515 593 304C593 112 496 22 385 22C245 22 146 157 146 345S244 630 355 630ZM502 225V442H471C464 375 459 369 411 369H326C278 368 273 374 266 442H235V225H266C273 292 278 299 326 299H411C459 299 464 292 471 225H502Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,9.607,3.132)"><path d="M735 650H491L482 618L516 614C568 608 571 595 541 535L299 115H297L196 559C187 600 195 608 238 614L265 618L275 650H26L18 618C79 611 98 605 115 527L234 -9H272C389 197 542 449 591 523C647 608 656 612 726 618L735 650Z"></path></g></svg>,</span> <span class="nowrap"><svg height="17.4532pt" id="M250" style="vertical-align:-5.528999pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.9242 14.9631 17.4532" width="14.9631pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,.528,-2.897)"><path d="M658 557C549 593 437 629 340 673H318C222 629 109 593 0 557L9 532C116 551 225 577 329 602C435 576 543 551 649 532L658 557Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M377 665C166 665 44 494 44 317C44 126 183 -15 363 -15C547 -15 695 118 695 333C695 533 546 665 377 665ZM355 630C491 630 593 515 593 304C593 112 496 22 385 22C245 22 146 157 146 345S244 630 355 630ZM502 225V442H471C464 375 459 369 411 369H326C278 368 273 374 266 442H235V225H266C273 292 278 299 326 299H411C459 299 464 292 471 225H502Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,9.607,3.132)"><path d="M493 373C493 420 472 451 445 451C421 451 400 435 400 410C400 404 402 400 406 394S417 371 417 350C417 259 317 128 256 55H254C260 126 256 262 238 340C219 424 194 451 163 451C128 451 78 413 24 329L52 302C89 353 106 370 121 370C129 370 137 363 147 336C186 231 196 73 184 -16C152 -88 120 -192 112 -238L130 -257C157 -253 213 -227 231 -213C231 -187 234 -77 240 -23C251 -6 277 30 309 69C424 208 493 299 493 373Z"></path></g></svg>,</span> and <span class="nowrap"><svg height="16.6037pt" id="M251" style="vertical-align:-4.679501pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.9242 16.8904 16.6037" width="16.8904pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,.528,-2.897)"><path d="M658 557C549 593 437 629 340 673H318C222 629 109 593 0 557L9 532C116 551 225 577 329 602C435 576 543 551 649 532L658 557Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M377 665C166 665 44 494 44 317C44 126 183 -15 363 -15C547 -15 695 118 695 333C695 533 546 665 377 665ZM355 630C491 630 593 515 593 304C593 112 496 22 385 22C245 22 146 157 146 345S244 630 355 630ZM502 225V442H471C464 375 459 369 411 369H326C278 368 273 374 266 442H235V225H266C273 292 278 299 326 299H411C459 299 464 292 471 225H502Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,9.607,3.132)"><path d="M750 355C750 552 603 667 428 667C199 667 24 497 24 286C24 118 146 -4 316 -16L336 -29C480 -122 544 -145 582 -154C606 -159 666 -170 714 -172L722 -146C652 -117 562 -75 472 -15L454 -3C623 38 750 176 750 355ZM646 353C646 210 556 50 414 25L385 41L304 27C193 50 128 152 128 282C128 474 254 626 418 626C571 626 646 519 646 353Z"></path></g></svg>.</span></div>

International Journal of Aerospace Engineering

fig9

Figure 9

Figure 9: Disturbance Observer-Based Adaptive Control of Hypersonic Vehicles with Constrained Actuators 