Free Vibration of Annular Circular Plates Based on Higher-Order Shear Deformation Theory: A Spline Approximation Technique

Javed, Saira; Al Mukahal, F. H. H.

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5440376

International Journal of Aerospace Engineering

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Abstract Introduction Results and Discussion Conclusion Appendix Data Availability Conflicts of Interest Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2021 | Article ID 5440376 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5440376

Free Vibration of Annular Circular Plates Based on Higher-Order Shear Deformation Theory: A Spline Approximation Technique

Saira Javed¹and F. H. H. Al Mukahal¹

Academic Editor: Rosario Pecora

Received17 Jun 2021

Revised12 Aug 2021

Accepted24 Sept 2021

Published16 Dec 2021

Abstract

This research is based on higher-order shear deformation theory to analyse the free vibration of composite annular circular plates using the spline approximation technique. Equilibrium equations are derived, and differential equations in terms of displacement and rotational functions are obtained. Cubic or quantic spline is used to approximate the displacement and rotational functions depending upon the order of these functions. A generalized eigenvalue problem is obtained and solved numerically for eigenfrequency parameter and associated eigenvector of spline coefficients. Frequency of annular circular plates with different numbers of layers with each layer consisting of different materials is analysed. The effect of geometric and material parameters on frequency value is investigated for simply supported condition. A comparative study with existing results narrates the validity of the present results. Graphs and tables depict the obtained results. Some figures and graphs are drawn by using Autodesk Maya and Matlab software.

1. Introduction

There are different kinds of plates like rectangular, circular, and annular circular have been used as structural elements of numerous engineering fields such as nuclear, civil, mechanical, aerospace, and marine. Any plate consisting of different layers forms composite. These layers can be of the same or different materials. The composite laminates are the source of attraction for engineers to design economical lightweight structures.

Different researchers have proposed different theories depending on the inclusion of shear deformation and rotary inertia in their formulations. Love-Kirchhoff proposed the classical theory which was based on the assumption that the straight lines normal to the undeformed and deformed midplane remain straight and normal and do not undergo stretching in the thickness direction. This theory accurately measures the stress analysis of thin composites plates but suitable for thick laminated plates since it overpredicts the natural frequencies [1, 2]. Moreover, the study of relatively thick plates should account shear deformation. To fill this gap, Yang et al. [3] proposed the first order shear deformation theory (FSDT); according to them, there is a state of constant shear strain through the thickness of the plate (transverse shear strain). However, according to 3D elasticity theory, the shear strains vary at least quadratically through the thickness (transverse shear strain). Therefore, shear correction factors were introduced to correct the discrepancy in the shear forces of FSDT and 3D elasticity theory [4, 5]. Moreover, a number of higher-order plate theories were developed to accurately evaluate the transverse shear stresses which effectively exists in the thick plates. In higher-order plate theories, the displacements are expanded up to any desired degree in terms of thickness coordinates [1, 2]. In third-order plate theory, the displacement is expanded up to the cubic term in thickness coordinates to have quadratic variation of transverse shear strains and transverse shear stresses through the plate thickness. This avoids the need for shear correction coefficient [6]. The third-order plate TSDT theory of Reddy is widely used because it can represent transverse shear stresses in an efficient way. The inclusion of TSDT to equilibrium equations makes the solution more complex. These theories the classical plate theory (CPT), first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT), and higher-order shear deformation theories (HSDT) are shown in Figure 1. Novelty of the present work is based upon above discussion that the purpose of using HSDT to analyse composite plates is that it can accurately calculate shear stresses through the plate thickness.

Free vibration of annular circular plates is investigated by the number of researchers mostly using CPT and different numerical methods. Leissa [7–10] did a significant research on free vibration of annular circular plates. Dongxing and Yanhui [11] studied free vibration of beams. Azaripour and Baghani [12] examined the vibration of annular sector plates. Moreover, Xue et al. [13] studied free vibration of FG plates. Zhong et al. [14] also investigated the vibration of composites circular, annular, and sector plates, whereas Arshid and Khorshidvand [15] analyse the free vibration analysis of saturated porous FG circular plates using a differential quadrature method. Żur [16] examined free vibration analysis of elastically supported functionally graded annular plates using quasi-Green’s function method. Kim and Dickinson [17] examined the vibration of annular circular plates under complicating effects. Different numerical methods are used to analyse annular circular plates: Kim and Dickinson [18] used the Rayleigh-Ritz method, Wang et al. [19] used the differential quadrature method, Liu and Chen [20] used the finite element method, and Gupta et al. [21] used the Chebyshev collocation technique. However, different boundary conditions were used to study the free vibration of annular circular plates [22–24]. Furthermore, isotropic annular circular plates were studied using the exact element method by Efraim and Eisenberger [25], and an annular circular plate attached to a free rigid core was studied by Wang [26]. Moreover, annular circular plates resting on elastic foundation were studied by Celep and Turhan [27], Utku et al. [28], and Kukla and Szewczyk [29]; Singh and Jain [30, 31] examined the free vibration annular circular plate on elastic edges. Free vibration of annular circular plates resting on Pasternak foundation was studied by Tajeddini et al. [32]. The discrete singular convolution method and differential quadrature method were used to examine free vibration of curved structural components such as truncated conical, cylindrical shells, and annular plates based on higher-order shear deformation theory [33]. Tornabene [34] and Tornabene et al. [35] investigated FG conical plates, cylindrical shells, and annular plates using a generalized differential quadrature method. Moving Kring interpolation was used to analyse vibration of plates based on HSDT by Vu et al. [36]. Composite plates were analysed by Thai et al. [37] using the finite element method and HSDT, whereas FSDT was used by Hosseini-Hashemi et al. [38] to analyse free vibration of rectangular plates. Frequency equations of annular circular plates were studied by Hashemi et al. [39]. Nguyen et al. [40] examined the vibration of functionally graded plates using HSDT. Moreover, nanoplates in the thermal environment were studied by Daikh et al. [41]. Baghlani et al. [42] investigated the free vibration of FGM cylindrical shells on elastic foundation. The FEM method was used to study the free and static vibration of FGM plates by Katili et al. [43]. Cross-ply laminates were studied by Dhari [44]. Higher-order shear deformation theories with a unified model were studied for composite plates by Li et al. [45]. Askari et al. [46] analysed the free vibration of eccentric annular plates. Amabili et al. [47] investigated annular plates coupled with fluids.

The present study can be a benchmark for researchers to verify future results of free vibration of annular circular plates. The spline method was used by Javed et al. [48–51] to solve the free vibrational problems of plates based on the first-order shear deformation theory and higher-order shear deformation theory. The aim of present study is to find the solution of engineering problem using TSDT which makes the calculation more complex but precise. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to examine the free vibration of cross-ply laminated annular circular plates using spline approximation technique. The kinematics of annular circular plates is based on TSDT. Displacement and rotational functions are approximated by cubic and quintic splines. Collocation with these splines yields a set of field equations which, along with the equations of boundary conditions, reduce to system of homogeneous simultaneous algebraic equations on the assumed spline coefficients. Then, the problem is solved using an eigensolution technique to obtain the frequency parameter. The eigenvectors are the spline coefficients from which the mode shapes are constructed. The frequency of annular circular plates was studied by circumferential node number, radius ratio, stacking sequence, and different lamination materials for simply supported boundary condition. Graphs and tables narrate the obtained results. Some figures and graphs are drawn by using Autodesk Maya and Matlab software’s.

Usefulness of current research can be viewed from the fact that composite materials are usually used if the application needs high strength but also low weight. Most of engineering components are made up of composites because of their lightweight, strength, and possible association of material. The natural frequencies of any component must be known to avoid the destructive effect of weather and resonance with adjacent rotating or oscillating equipment. High specific strength and high specific stiffness are attractive features for the aerospace, and other automotive industries could be achieved by proper choice of composite materials. Composite structures offer better strength, temperature resistance, high damping, and resistance to corrosion, and the required properties could be achieved through variation of lamina orientation and stacking sequences, which provides an additional degree of flexibility to the designer, resulting in structures with tremendous potential.

2. Formulation

Figure 2 shows the geometry of the annular circular plate. The curvilinear coordinate system is fixed at its reference surface, which is taken to be its middle surface. Here, is the inner radius and is the outer radius of the annular circular plate and is the width of the annular circular plate.

The displacement field considered is based on the third-order shear deformation theory [6] and is obtained by subtracting function and from of Toorani and Lakis [52].

The stress resultants are defined as where , , and are stress, moment, and shear resultants, respectively, and and denote higher-order stress resultants.

The stress-strain relations are obtained as follows: where are strains and are the shear strain components.

Stiffness coefficients , , and (extensional, bending-extensional coupling, and bending stiffnesses) and higher-order stiffness coefficients , , and are defined in Appendix A.

The equilibrium equations for annular circular plates considered are as follows: where where is the material density of the -th layer, and where

The displacements and rotational functions are assumed in the separable form for annular plates as where and are polar coordinates that describe the radial and circumferential direction, is the angular frequency of vibration, is the time, and is the circumferential node number.

The nondimensional parameters introduced are as follows:

Here, is the thickness of the -th layer, is the total thickness of the plate, is the radius of inner circular plate, and is a standard extensional rigidity coefficient.

Using Equation (6) and introducing (12) and nondimensional parameters, the differential equations containing derivatives of the third order in , the second order in , the fourth order in , the third order in , and the second order in are obtained.

2.1. Method of Solution

The differential equations containing derivatives of the third order in , the second order in , the fourth order in , the third order in , and the second order in . These functions are approximated by using cubic and quantic spline functions, in the range of , since splines are relatively simple and elegant and use a series of lower order approximations rather than global higher order approximations, affording fast convergence, and high accuracy.

The displacement functions , , and and the rotational functions and are approximated, respectively, by the splines.

The resulting expressions contain homogeneous system of equations in the spline coefficients.

The boundary condition considered on the edges and are (S-S): both the ends simply supported

This boundary condition gives 3 more equations, thus making a total of equations, in the same number of unknowns. The resulting field and boundary condition equations may be written in the form where and are square matrices and is a column matrix. This is treated as a generalized eigenvalue problem in the eigenparameter and the eigenvector whose elements are the spline coefficients.

3. Results and Discussion

The annular circular plates for simply supported boundary condition based on the higher order shear deformation theory are investigated. All numerical computations, unless otherwise stated, two materials are considered: kevlar-49/epoxy (KE) and graphite/epoxy (AS4/3501-6) (GE). Annular circular plates of two, three, four, five, and six layers with cross-ply orientations are considered for analysis.

3.1. Convergence Study

In this subsection, the frequency parameter with respect to different configurations is carried out to confirm the convergence of spline method for conical shells. The number of subintervals of the range . The value of started from 2, and finally, it is fixed for , since for the next value of , the percent changes in the values of are very low, the maximum being 3%.

3.2. Validation

Table 1 shows the comparison of the reduced case of the current results with Hashemi et al. [53], Duan et al. [54], and Liu et al. [55] for simply supported annular circular plates, which is the validation of the applicability and accuracy of present results with the available results. The pfresent results are close to the available results.

3.3. Result and Discussion

Table 2 illustrates the variation of angular frequency and radius ratio of 6-, 5-, and 3-layered annular circular plates for and and , concluding that angular frequency increases slowly between and and increases significantly between and .

Figure 3 depicts the variation of angular frequency and radius ratio of 6-layered annular circular plates for circumferential node number and ratio of thickness to radius of inner circle as . It can be seen that angular frequency remains almost same until and increases significantly afterwards for all modes. Figure 4 shows the variation of angular frequency and radius ratio of 4-layered annular circular plates. The angular frequency remains almost the same for a certain value of and increases significantly afterwards. The variation of angular frequency and radius ratio of 2-layered annular circular plates are shown in Figure 5. The circumferential node number and ratio of thickness to radius of inner circle considered are . The frequency remains almost the same until and increases afterwards.

Figure 6 shows the variation of angular frequency and radius ratio of 3- and 5-layered annular circular plates with , showing that angular frequency for three-layered annular circular plates is higher than that for five-layered annular circular plates between and .Variation of angular frequency and radius ratio can be seen in Figure 7 for 6-, 4-, and 2-layered annular circular plates with . The figure shows that angular frequency for two-layered annular circular plates is the highest followed by four- and six-layered annular circular plates between and , concluding that the angular frequency value increases as the number of layers decreases.

Figure 8 shows the variation of angular frequency and radius ratio of 3-layered () annular circular plates with , showing that angular frequency for three modes is almost the same between and and the difference of angular frequency for three modes increases and becomes higher between and .

Figure 9 shows the variation of fundamental frequency parameter and circumferential node number of 3- and 2-layered ( and ) annular circular plates with showing that the frequency value gradually increases with the increase of circumferential node number with 3-layered annular circular plate frequency which is lower than 2-layered annular circular plate frequency.

Figure 10 shows the variation of fundamental frequency parameter and circumferential node number of 3-, 5-, and 6-layered (, , and ) annular circular plates with showing that frequency value gradually increases with the increase of circumferential node number.

The first three mode shapes of vibration of cross-ply 2-layered () annular circular plates is presented in Figures 11–13(a)–13(c). Normalization is done with respect to the maximum transverse displacement . As expected, the transverse displacements are the most predominant.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(a)

(b)

(c)

(a)

(b)

(c)

4. Conclusion

The free vibration analysis of annular circular plates based on higher-order shear deformation theory using spline approximation under simply supported boundary condition is investigated. The frequency variation of annular circular plates is studied for circumferential node number, radius ratio, different lamination schemes, and materials used. The effect of radius ratio on the angular frequency is that angular frequency remains almost the same until and increases significantly afterwards for all modes. The effect of circumferential node number on the fundamental frequency parameter is that the frequency value gradually increases with the increase of circumferential node number. Results obtained by the present technique will be helpful for future researchers to validate their results.

Appendix

Stiffness coefficients are

For , for .

Data Availability

The data supporting the results of this study are included in the manuscript.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge the Deanship of Scientific Research, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia, for the financial support under Nasher Track (Grant No. NA00034).

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Copyright © 2021 Saira Javed and F. H. H. Al Mukahal. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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