International Journal of Antennas and Propagation

Research Article

Diversity Performance of Multiantenna Systems for UMTS Cellular Phones in Different Propagation Environments

Table 1

Propagation models used to evaluate the performance of the antenna systems.
ModelElevation/ azimutUniform (isotropic)Gaussian/uniformLaplacian/uniformElliptical
Statistical distributions 𝑃 𝜃 1 ( 𝜃 ) = 4 𝜋 𝑃 𝜃 ( 𝜃 ) = 𝐴 𝜃 e x p 𝑃 𝜃 ( 𝜃 ) = 𝐴 𝜃 e x p 𝑃 𝜃 ( 𝜃 )
× − ( 𝜃 − [ ( 𝜋 / 2 ) − 𝑚 𝑉 ] ) 2 2 𝜎 2 𝑉 × − √ 2 | 𝜃 − [ ( 𝜋 / 2 ) − 𝑚 𝑉 ] | 2 𝜎 𝑉 = √ 𝐴 𝜃 𝑠 2 𝜃 𝜃 𝑠 2 𝜃 𝜃 + ( s i n 𝜃 ) 2
𝑃 𝜙 1 ( 𝜃 ) = 4 𝜋 𝑃 𝜙 ( 𝜃 ) = 𝐴 𝜙 e x p 𝑃 𝜙 ( 𝜃 ) = 𝐴 𝜙 e x p 𝑃 𝜙 ( 𝜃 )
× − ( 𝜃 − [ ( 𝜋 / 2 ) − 𝑚 𝐻 ] ) 2 2 𝜎 2 𝐻 − √ × [ 2 | 𝜃 − [ ( 𝜋 / 2 ) − 𝑚 𝐻 ] | 2 𝜎 𝐻 = √ 𝐴 𝜙 𝑠 2 𝜙 𝜃 𝑠 2 𝜙 𝜃 + ( s i n 𝜃 ) 2
𝑃 𝜃 ( 𝜙 ) = 1 𝑃 𝜙 ( 𝜙 ) = 1 𝑃 𝜃 ( 𝜙 ) = 1 High directivity (1/8 of the sphere)
𝑃 𝜙 ( 𝜙 ) = 1 𝑃 𝜙 ( 𝜙 ) = 1 𝑃 𝜙 ( 𝜙 ) = 1 𝑃 𝜃 √ ( 𝜙 ) = 𝐴 𝜃 𝑎 𝜃 0
𝑃 𝜙 ( 𝜙 )
= √ 𝐴 𝜙 ( 𝑎 𝜙 0 − 𝑏 𝜙 | 𝜙 | )
Low directivity (1/2 of the sphere)
𝑃 𝜃 ( 𝜙 )
= √ 𝐴 𝜃 𝑠 2 𝜃 𝜙 𝑠 2 𝜃 𝜙 + ( s i n 𝜙 ) 2
𝑃 𝜙 ( 𝜙 )
= √ 𝐴 𝜙 𝑠 2 𝜙 𝜙 𝑠 2 𝜙 𝜙 + ( s i n 𝜙 ) 2
Scenario parametersXPR = 5 dBXPR = 5 dB
𝑚 𝑣 = 1 0 ∘ 𝑚 𝑣 = 1 0 ∘
Indoor 𝑚 𝐻 = 1 0 ∘ 𝑚 𝐻 = 1 0 ∘ XPR = 5.5 dB
𝜎 𝑣 = 1 5 ∘ 𝜎 𝑣 = 1 5 ∘ 𝑠 𝜃 𝜃 = 0.29
𝜎 𝐻 = 1 5 ∘ 𝜎 𝐻 = 1 5 ∘ 𝑠 𝜙 𝜃 = 1.06
XPR = 1 dBXPR = 1 dB 𝑠 𝜃 𝜙 = 0.44
𝑚 𝑣 = 2 0 ∘ 𝑚 𝑣 = 2 0 ∘ 𝑠 𝜙 𝜙 = 1.18
Outdoor 𝑚 𝐻 = 2 0 ∘ 𝑚 𝐻 = 2 0 ∘ 𝑎 𝜃 0 = 0.16
𝜎 𝑣 = 3 0 ∘ 𝜎 𝑣 = 3 0 ∘ 𝑎 𝜙 0 = 0.70
𝜎 𝐻 = 3 0 ∘ 𝜎 𝐻 = 3 0 ∘ 𝑏 𝜙 = 0.11
XPR = 0 dBXPR = 0 dB
𝑚 𝑣 = 0 ∘ 𝑚 𝑣 = 0 ∘
Isotropic* 𝑚 𝐻 = 0 ∘ 𝑚 𝐻 = 0 ∘
𝜎 𝑣 = ∞ 𝜎 𝑣 = ∞
𝜎 𝐻 = ∞ 𝜎 𝐻 = ∞
*For Gaussian/uniform and Laplacian/uniform, the isotropic environment is an omnidirectionnal isotropic environment.