Hybrid Differential Evolution with Biogeography-Based Optimization for Design of a Reconfigurable Antenna Array with Discrete Phase Shifters

Table 3

Effects of quantization on different design specifications.

		Pencil beam			Sector beam				Fitness
		HPBW	SLLBW	SLL	HPBW	SLLBW	SLL	Ripple
DE	Continuous phase excitation (Expt-I)	0.4	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.16
	After quantization	0.4	0	0	1.8	1.2	0	0	4.84
	Optimization with discrete variable (II)	0.6	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.36
DE/BBO	Continuous phase excitation (Expt-I)	0.4	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.16
	After quantization	0.4	0	0	0	1.4	1.3	0	3.40
	Optimization with discrete variable (II)	0.4	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.16