Improved Microstrip Antenna with HIS Elements and FSS Superstrate for 2.4 GHz Band Applications

Table 2

The performance comparison of antennas with metamaterial(s).

Number	Ref.	Antenna structure	Antenna dimension (W × L)	Distance, superstrate, and antenna	Antenna material	Substrate thickness (mm)	Frequency (GHz)	Antenna gain (dBi)
1	[9]	PFMA suspended on AMC	1.31 × 1.31	—	FR-4 (4.3)	1.5	2.45	7.087
2	[12]	MA with FSS superstrate	1.58 × 1.58	0.5	FR-4 (4.3)	1.6	8.12–9.18	14.15 (directivity)
3	[13]	Cylindrical DRA with superstrate and reflector plane	1.35 × 1.35	0.22	FR-4 (4.4)	1.6	7.4 and 7.9	11.34
4	[26]	PFMA with spiral-like EBG	0.37 × 0.37	—	FR-4 (4.4)	2.4	2.4	5.6
5	[27]	ACMA with FSS	N/A	0.47	RT-duroid (3.38)	0.782	9.5 (center frequency)	15
6	[28]	ERA with PCS superstrate	6 × 6	0.53	ERA (PFMA-Rogers UltraLam2000 (2.5), PRS-Roger TMM4 (4.5)); PCS-Rexolite 1422 (2.53)	1.57 (PFMA), 3.17 (PRS)	11.1	21.2
7	Proposed antenna	PFMA with 7 × 7 square HIS and modified FSS	0.98 × 0.98	0.16	FR-4 (4.3)	0.8	2.45	10.14