On the Implementation of a Dynamic Direction Modulation System with Vector Modulators

<div>DDM 16-QAM modulation transmitted at the secure direction 60° using real components and (<a href="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/ijap/volume-2019/9784252/figures/#EEq8">11</a>) to compute <svg height="11.927pt" id="M89" style="vertical-align:-3.291101pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 30.906 11.927" width="30.906pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M449 634C442 637 425 643 405 650C376 660 341 666 307 666C181 666 98 590 98 485C98 400 170 343 215 310L246 288C307 243 343 204 343 147C343 67 291 18 219 18C104 18 61 124 51 202L23 199C28 124 27 71 27 47C47 22 122 -16 204 -16C324 -16 428 60 428 174C428 256 379 309 307 360L276 382C223 419 179 455 179 516C179 576 221 632 293 632C379 632 410 564 418 487L448 490C446 536 446 592 449 634Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,6.071,3.132)"><path d="M414 144C384 79 371 75 317 75H135L276 221C367 316 408 376 408 465C408 570 327 635 237 635C179 635 131 609 100 575L42 494L67 471C94 510 138 565 205 565C277 565 321 517 321 435C321 348 258 270 195 195C146 137 88 81 33 26V0H411C423 44 433 88 446 135L414 144Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,10.503,3.132)"><path d="M389 0V32C297 38 291 46 291 118V635C234 613 175 595 109 583V556L161 554C203 552 207 547 207 497V118C207 46 201 38 110 32V0H389Z"></path></g><rect height="0.3985" width="2.74024" x="15.4824" y="2.73319"></rect><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,18.223,3.132)"><path d="M781 91L765 118C733 86 702 70 693 70C686 70 685 77 692 106L738 297C772 439 736 451 712 451S675 445 647 431C605 410 526 356 452 257H450L459 294C491 426 459 451 429 451C403 451 386 445 361 431C312 404 239 343 170 253H168L188 333C208 411 205 451 175 451C148 451 85 417 24 346L39 318C57 338 100 374 112 374C120 374 122 372 115 339C91 226 62 112 28 -6L37 -12C59 -4 87 3 114 6C125 68 142 127 154 168C184 227 316 383 372 383C397 383 396 366 381 289C362 192 338 92 312 -6L317 -12C339 -5 367 3 396 6L434 170C468 234 598 383 650 383C668 383 676 369 664 319L609 90C593 23 600 -12 629 -12C654 -12 722 23 781 91Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,25.548,3.132)"><path d="M504 89L488 119C453 85 428 69 416 69C408 69 405 75 412 102L462 304C492 438 460 451 436 451S388 441 356 423C311 397 229 336 170 256H168L189 340C208 418 200 451 177 451C144 451 82 413 24 352L40 322C65 345 98 369 108 369C114 369 119 363 112 335L28 -3L36 -12C54 -3 83 4 112 10C125 73 138 122 153 174C205 258 328 382 376 382C395 382 399 369 384 305L330 93C312 25 323 -12 351 -12C378 -12 439 21 504 89Z"></path></g></svg> in the vector modulators. (a) <span class="nowrap"><svg height="11.7065pt" id="M90" style="vertical-align:-3.18152pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.52498 67.3859 11.7065" width="67.3859pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M46 650V622C120 617 128 613 128 525V125C128 42 120 34 40 28V0H311V28C221 34 212 39 212 124V281L286 262C297 261 316 261 331 263C429 275 526 338 526 468C526 533 501 579 462 609C422 638 364 650 293 650H46ZM212 559C212 588 215 600 223 606C230 613 251 618 279 618C361 618 430 572 430 464C430 337 350 302 285 302C252 302 225 309 212 314V559Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,7.346,0)"><path d="M517 162C503 123 484 88 467 68C445 42 417 34 341 34C291 34 256 34 237 47C219 59 213 81 213 128V317H308C395 317 402 311 415 240H444V431H415C403 364 398 356 307 356H213V584C213 613 215 616 246 616H322C394 616 421 609 435 587C448 566 458 544 467 502L496 506C493 557 488 625 488 650H42V622C120 616 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356H213V584C213 613 215 616 246 616H322C394 616 421 609 435 587C448 566 458 544 467 502L496 506C493 557 488 625 488 650H42V622C120 616 128 612 128 523V125C128 43 120 35 29 28V0H511C520 31 540 125 546 158L517 162Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,14.758,3.132)"><path d="M43 650V622C120 616 128 612 128 526V124C128 39 120 33 34 27V0H270C392 0 492 25 567 83C643 141 690 230 690 350C690 444 655 517 605 565C543 625 450 650 323 650H43ZM213 547C213 587 217 598 226 604C236 612 262 617 304 617C371 617 429 604 474 576C554 529 592 439 592 336C592 176 505 36 319 36C246 36 213 55 213 131V547Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,21.31,3.132)"><path d="M861 0V28C774 35 771 41 768 147L759 509C756 612 762 614 851 622V650H681L449 149L221 650H57V622C148 613 153 609 144 479L130 271C123 166 117 123 111 88C104 46 85 34 26 28V0H259V28C192 35 169 42 167 90C166 130 166 173 170 256L185 541H187L411 7H431L675 555H679L683 147C683 41 680 35 598 28V0H861Z"></path></g><g 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International Journal of Antennas and Propagation

fig9

Figure 9

Figure 9: On the Implementation of a Dynamic Direction Modulation System with Vector Modulators 