Abstract
A single-layer waveguide slotted array antenna is proposed for W-band applications. To eliminate the alignment errors, all structures including the radiation slots, radiation waveguides, and power divider network are realized in one layer based on the milling process, and a planar metal plate is employed to cover the bottom. For example, an 8 × 9 array is designed with 1-to-8 power divider network to validate the proposed technology. The effective radiation aperture size of the array is 24 mm × 21 mm, and the height is only 8 mm. The measured reflection coefficient of the antenna is larger than 3 GHz for < −10 dB. The peak gain is 25.9 dBi, and the corresponding antenna efficiency is about 65%. All cross-polarization of the antenna array is less than −35 dB. The proposed array antenna features a simple structure, low cost, and easy implementation for W-band applications.
1. Introduction
Antenna array is widely used in microwave engineering system, such as the microstrip antenna array, because of the high efficiency, simple structure, and low cost. When the frequency increases to millimeter-wave band, the microstrip antenna suffers from high dielectric loss and leakage loss which result in a low radiation efficiency [1–3]. The substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) antenna is proposed for Ka-band and W-band applications [4–9]. The dielectric loss of the SIW antenna is acceptable at Ka-band [5]. However, at W-band, the radiation efficiency is seriously declined as the loss of the network is increasing [7].
Compared with SIW, the waveguide slotted array is an excellent candidate for millimeter wave antenna array as there is no dielectric loss. Many waveguide slotted arrays at Ka-band have been designed with very good radiation performances [10]. These waveguide slotted arrays are always designed with the feed network, radiation waveguides, and radiation slots in different layers. The different layers need to be fabricated separately, and a very high precision assembly technology is required to assemble all the layers together. However, the design, fabrication, and assembly of the multilayer waveguide slotted array at W-band are very difficult.
Several technologies are proposed in the literature for W-band arrays. The diffusion bounding of the laminated thin metal technique is used to fabricate the waveguide slotted array at W-band. The radiation slots and feed waveguide are etched on two different plates and connected together by diffusing bounding for high precision assembling [11]. The electroforming process is also proposed to fabricate the waveguide slotted array at W-band with very high radiation efficiency [12]. The silicon process is proposed for the corporate-feed waveguide slotted array at 350 GHz [13]. All the processes are very expensive.
In this paper, an 8 × 9 waveguide slotted array at W-band based on the milling process is presented. The power divider network, the radiation waveguides, and the radiation slots of the antenna are designed in a single layer, so the high fabrication precision can be achieved by milling process, and the assembly is very easy.
2. Antenna Design
2.1. Antenna Structure
The structure of the proposed waveguide slotted array is shown in Figure 1. The antenna consists of two parts, part 1 and part 2. All the 1-to-8 power divider network, 8 radiation waveguides, and 8 × 9 radiation slots are in part 1, and part 2 is a planar metal plate as a cover. Thus, only one layer (part 1) needs to be fabricated with high precision, and there is no high precision aligning requirement when assembling the two parts together. So, it can be named as single-layer waveguide slotted array antenna. The total size of the antenna is 36 mm × 32 mm, while the effective radiation aperture size is 24 mm × 21 mm. The metal wall surrounding the effective radiation aperture is employed for assembling connection, and it has little effect on the radiation performance of the antenna. The thickness of the antenna is only 8 mm. The antenna is fed by a WR10 waveguide port of at the left side.
2.2. Power Divider
In the power divider network, there are three stages of 1-to-2 waveguide power divider as shown in Figure 2. The 1st and 2nd stages have the same parameters, and the last stage is designed separately as the two output waveguides are very close.
In each 1-to-2 power divider, two structures are employed to split the power and adjust the impedance matching. One is the ridge opposite the input waveguide, which is used to divide the power into two equal parts, and the other is the inductive window in the input waveguide, which is used for adjusting the input matching. For the designed 1-to-8 power divider, the parameters of the ridge and matching window of the 1st and 3rd stages are given in Table 1.
The whole power divider network is simulated using Ansys HFSS, and the results are shown in Figure 3. The reflection coefficient |S11| at the input port 1 of the network is below −15 dB from 90 GHz to 96 GHz. At the output ports 2–9, the magnitude difference of is less than 0.2 dB, and the phase difference is less than 3°, where Sn1 is the transmission coefficient from port 1 to port 2–9.
2.3. Radiation Slot
In the radiation waveguide, when an offset longitudinal slot etched on the broadside of the waveguide, the electromagnetic field can radiate from the slot. In order to realize the designed aperture field distribution on the antenna aperture, the leak power of every slot must be designed carefully. The key consideration of the waveguide slotted array design is the size and location of each slot on the aperture.
The longitudinal slot etched on the broadside of the radiation waveguide can be equivalent to normalized shunt admittance y = + jb on two ports’ transmission line [14], as shown in Figure 4. If the waveguide is end-fed and all radiation slots are in the same size, the total normalized admittance G of shunt slots in the radiation waveguide is given bywhere n is the total slot number in the radiation waveguide and S11 is the reflection coefficient at the feed port.
The slots are assumed to be resonant, while the imaginary part of S11 equals to zero. Evidently, the obtained y is an average value. Figure 5 shows the curve about the resonant length l against the slot offset distance dx to the central line of the radiation waveguide at the center frequency 93 GHz. It can be found that the resonant length of the slot becomes longer as the slot offset increases.
In the design, the slot width is 0.4 mm, and the width of the radiation waveguide is 2.25 mm; therefore, the guided-wavelength λg in the radiation waveguide is 4.6 mm. Thus, the distance between each slot in the waveguide is λg/2 = 2.3 mm. By using Elliot’s theory in [15] and the resonant relationship in Figure 5, the parameters of radiation slots in each radiation waveguide can be calculated and are given in Table 2.
3. Results and Discussion
The designed waveguide slotted array at W-band is fabricated with gold-plated brass using the milling process. The corner radius of the radiation slot is 0.2 mm, and the corner radius in the rectangular waveguide is 0.3 mm. Since all the power divider network, radiation waveguides, and radiation slots are in part 1, only this part need to be fabricated by milling process and the fabrication accuracy can reach ±0.02 mm. Part 2 is a planar metal plate. The prototype of fabricated antenna is shown in Figure 6. The two parts are shown in the left, and the assembled sample is shown in the right. 8 screws are placed at the outside of the effective radiation aperture for assembling connection. The WR10 feed port on the side is also shown.
Firstly, the antenna is simulated using Ansys HFSS. The reflection coefficient at the feed port and gain of the antenna are shown Figure 7. The reflection coefficient is below −10 dB within 91–94.5 GHz. The peak gain is about 26.7 dBi at 92 GHz with the aperture efficiency 79%.
Then, the reflection coefficient of the antenna is measured using the vector network analyzer Agilent E8363C with frequency extension module. The gain and the radiation patterns are measured in anechoic chamber with the signal generator Agilent E8257D with frequency multiplier as the source and the spectrum analysis Agilent N9030A with frequency mixer as the receiver. In Figure 7, the measured reflection coefficient at feed port of the antenna is below −10 dB from 91.5 GHz to 94.5 GHz, which is very close to the simulated one. The peak gain is about 25.9 dBi, and the corresponding antenna efficiency is about 65%. The measured gains at 92, 93, and 94 GHz are also given, and there are only 0.8 dB gain differences from the simulated results. The discrepancy may cause by the metal loss of the power divider and radiation waveguide as the surface roughness in the waveguide are only about 0.8∼1.6 μm. Also, there may be some small gaps between the two parts as they are connected by 8 screws, which also will cause some loss.
The measured radiation patterns in E- and H-plane at the center frequency 93 GHz are compared with the simulated results in Figure 8. Thanks to the simple structure of the antenna and lower assembly requirement, the measured radiation patterns agree with the simulated results very well. The beam width in E-plane is about 6.5° and 9° in H-plane. The sidelobe levels in E-plane and H-plane are −13 dB and −12 dB, respectively.
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(b)
Figure 9 shows the copolarization and cross-polarization radiation patterns at 92, 93, and 94 GHz. It is clear that the radiation patterns are very similar within the working bandwidth, especially in the E-plane. All cross-polarization values shown in Figure 9 are below than −35 dB.
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(b)
4. Conclusion
A waveguide slotted array at W-band has been proposed and fabricated. All the radiation slots, radiation waveguide, and feed network of the proposed antenna are in one layer. The antenna has an effective aperture size of 24 mm × 21 mm. The reflection coefficient is below −10 dB within 91.5–94.5 GHz, the peak gain is about 25.9 dBi, and the sidelobe levels are about −13 dB in E-plane and −12 dB in H-plane. The obtained results validate the proposed single-layer technology for W-band application featuring easy fabrication and assembly with high precision. The presented antenna is a good candidate for communication, radar, and millimeter-wave imaging applications.
Data Availability
The simulation and experimental data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities under grants 2242019K1G014 and 2242018K40039 and Foundation of the Key Laboratory under grants 6142502180309 and 6142502190301.