Research Article

Design and Implementation of a Multiband Metamaterial-Loaded Reconfigurable Antenna for Wireless Applications

Table 3

Frequency reconfiguration states of the proposed design.

PIN diode biasing modesImpedance bandwidth (in GHz)S11 < –10 dB fractional bandwidth (in %)Gain (dBi)Efficiency (%)Applications covered
Sim.Meas.Sim.Meas.Sim.Meas.Sim.Meas.

Forward bias (ON state)4.01–4.42/5.51–5.92/6.89–7.31/13.79–14.57/15.67–16.924.10–4.41/5.54–5.90/6.92–7.27/13.83–14.49/15.78–16.889.73/7.17/5.91/5.50/7.677.28/6.29/4.93/4.66/6.742.02/2.98/2.76/2.55/3.011.98/2.04/2.10/1.99/2.7952.78/68.82/67.91/72.71/79.2647.12/55.27/54.34/69.23/71.92No. of applications—5 (IoT application—lower C-band—4.3 GHz, WAIC, avionic satellite communication transmission application/C-band WLAN—5.8 GHz, IEEE 802.11a/upper C-band 7.01 GHz, INSAT communication system/lower Ku-band—13.9 GHz, direct broadcast satellite system/upper Ku-band—16.1 GHz, and terrestrial microwave communication system service)
Reverse bias (OFF state)2.34–2.82/3.84–4.53/5.61–5.985/7.89–8.79/10.46–12.84/13.84–14.50/15.69–17.37/18.21–19.862.36–2.74/3.92–4.42/5.69–5.981/7.93–8.77/10.52–12.68/13.89–14.42/15.81–17.29/18.22–19.6418.60/16.49/6.47/10.79/20.43/4.66/10.16/8.0114.90/11.99/4.99/10.06/18.62/3.74/8.94/7.502.31/2.67/2.98/2.49/3.84/2.29/3.61/4.231.98/2.01/2.67/2.12/2.98/1.98/3.08/3.8468.24/62.43/79.84/78.91/81.02/61.12/78.84/81.7865.12/49.89/71.86/69.81/73.56/58.79/71.62/78.92No. of applications—8 (IoT application—S-band WLAN 2.4 GHz, WiFi, bluetooth, Z-wave, wireless HART, WBAN/IoT application—lower C-band–4.3 GHz, WAIC, avionic satellite communication transmission application/C-band WLAN—5.8 GHz, IEEE 802.11a/lower X-band—8.5 GHz, ITU region 2/upper X-band—11.1 GHz, amateur radio satellite operating band/lower Ku-band—13.9 GHz, direct broadcast satellite system/upper Ku-band—16.1 GHz, terrestrial microwave communication system service/lower K-band—18.9 GHz, and radar communication application)