|
| [Ref.] | Year | Electrical length (at the lowest resonant frequency, GHz) | Fractional bandwidth (%) | Gain (dBi) | Efficiency (%) | Operating bands/modes | Wireless applications/standards (GHz) | Frequency reconfigurability (PIN diode) approach implemented |
|
| [12] | 2013 | 0.32λ × 0.18λ × 0.006λ (1.8 GHz) | 47.27/38.88 | −0.56/−0.62 | 89.2/98.1 | 2 | GPS/WLAN (1.5/2.4) | No |
| [7] | 2014 | 0.32λ × 0.32λ × 0.0128λ (2.4 GHz) | 34.48/18.28/19.96 | 3.97/4.04/3.25 | — | 3 | WLAN/WiMAX (2.4/3.5/5.8) | No |
| [5] | 2015 | 0.289λ × 0.227λ × 0.0041λ (1.55 GHz) | 5.56/5.86/19.34/13.69 | 1.3/2.3/3.5/4.4 | 76.8/80.1/96.6/85.5 | 4 | GPS/WLAN/WiMAX (1.5/2.4/3.5/5.4) | No |
| [13] | 2016 | 0.26λ × 0.26λ × 0.0084λ (1.6 GHz) | 20.73/15.02/31.96 | 1.64/2.07/4.06 | 66.2/77.15/87.6 | 3 | GPS/WLAN (1.9/2.4/5) | No |
| [14] | 2017 | 0.134λ × 0.158λ × 0.0112λ (2.1 GHz) | 2.4/3.2/12.1 | 1.36/1.57/1.83 | — | 3 | UMTS/WiMAX/WLAN (2.1/3.45/5.43) | No |
| [15] | 2018 | 0.267λ × 0.3167λ × 0.0133λ (2.5 GHz) | 8/6/5/69.3 | 3.8 (avg. gain) | 89% (avg. rad. eff.) | 4 | WLAN/WiMAX/ITU/X-band (2.4/3.35/5.8/7.5) | No |
| [9] | 2018 | 0.3387λ × 0.3387λ × 0.0133λ (2.54 GHz) | 15.1/3.45/12.59/3.33/3.25/5.4/16.58 | 3.48/3.02/4.49/4.25/3.59/3.81/5 | — | 7 | WLAN/WiMAX/PAN/OFDM (2.54/3.48/4.02/4.34/5.1/5.54/6.24) | No |
| [26] | 2018 | 0.33λ × 0.27λ × 0.01λ (3.3 GHz) | 3.5/5.01/13.2/5.77 | 1.35/1/1.07/1.75 | — | 4 | WiMAX/X-band (3.1/5.52/7.31/9.72) | No |
| [28] | 2019 | 0.4884λ × 0.4329λ × 0.0178λ (3.33 GHz) | 5.11/7.33/11.70/6.38/12.03/5.62 | 2.72/3.81/2.12/2.78/3.68/4.10 | 41.2/84.7/52.8/69.7/78.8/76.9 | 6 | WLAN/WiMAX/C/X/Ku-band (3.3/5.0/5.8/6.6/9.9/15.9) | Yes |
| [25] | 2019 | 0.260λ × 0.253λ × 0.0059λ (2.23 GHz) | 11.81/4.27/4.29/6.62/3.27/4.22/8.13 | 1.94/2.2/1.66/3.87/3.65/4.06/4.14 | 41.5/48.6/58.1/60.1/84.4/78.7/82.1 | 7 | WLAN/WiMAX/C/X/Ku-band (2.4/3/3.5/5/5.8/11.8/13.1) | No |
| [37] | 2020 | 0.34λ × 0.26λ × 0.0187λ (3.5 GHz) | 28.48/11.32/41.33/26.82/6.76/8.50/11.79 | 1.98/2.38/2.62/3.91/2.24/3.28/4.11 | 51.25/54.28/59.69/67.82/72.34/79.92/81.64 | 7 | S-band WiMAX/Lower C-band/C-band WLAN/Lower X-band/upper X-band/lower Ku-band/middle Ku-band (3.5/4.41/5.8/8.26/10.48/13.35/14.42) | Yes |
| [38] | 2020 | 0.239λ × 0.351λ × 0.0127λ (2.39 GHz) | 8.80/38.78/15.54/35.45 | 2.63/2.58/2.82/2.99 | 33.5/38.8/84.4/72.8 | 4 | WLAN/WiMAX/WAVE/C/X-band (2.4/3.5/5.8/7.9) | No |
| [39] | 2020 | 0.321λ × 0.321λ × 0.021λ (3.85 GHz) | 7.7/6.51/6.49/8.61/4.94 | 2/2.9/2.5/4.42/3.01 | — | 5 | IoT/WLAN/Wi-Max/C-band (3.82/4.11/4.48/4.90/6.04) | Yes |
| [40] | 2021 | 0.288λ × 0.256λ × 0.0128λ (2.4 GHz) | 84/85.32/35.45/10.79/15.82 | — | — | 5 | LTE 2300/LTE 2500/Bluetooth/WLAN/WiMAX/ITU-band (2.4/4.8/7.8/11.7/16.5) | No |
| [41] | 2021 | 0.4λ × 0.4λ × 0.0064λ (2.4 GHz) | 16.17/17.85/48.30 | 5.42/6.52/7.67 | — | 3 | Wi-Fi/WLAN/X-band (2.4/5.8/9.98) | No |
| Proposed antenna | | 0.256λ × 0.176λ × 0.0128λ (2.4 GHz) | 18.60/16.49/6.47/10.79/20.43/4.66/10.16/8.67 | 2.31/2.67/2.98/2.49/3.84/2.29/3.61/4.23 | 68.24/62.43/79.84/78.91/81.02/61.12/78.84/81.78 | 8 | IoT application—S-band WLAN, WiFi, bluetooth, Z-wave, wireless HART, WBAN/IoT application—lower C-band, WAIC, avionic satellite communication transmission application/C-band WLAN, IEEE 802.11a/lower X-band, Earth exploration-satellite service ITU region 2/upper X-band, amateur radio satellite operating band/lower Ku-band, direct broadcast satellite system/upper Ku-band, terrestrial microwave communication system service/ower K–band, and radar communication application) (2.4/4.3/5.8/8.5/11.1/13.9/16.1/18.9) | Yes |
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