A Review of Synthesis Techniques for Phased Antenna Arrays in Wireless Communications and Remote Sensing

Table 1

The IFT synthesis method: applications and selected features.

Array aperture	Pattern	Elements/size	Synthesis	Variables	Work
Linear	Sum	8	1 desired direction + 6 discrete deep nulls	NA	[22]
Linear	Shaped Tx Shaped Rx	48	Main lobe shape, sector SLLs ≤ −33 dB, −50 dB	Phases in Tx, phases and amplitudes in Rx, 5-bit control for both	[23]
Circularly shaped with triangular lattice	Sum	5797	≤−71 dB SLL, Chebyshev sidelobes	Unconstrained amplitudes	[25]
Circularly shaped with triangular lattice	Sum	5797	Five level SLLs, −40 dB to −80 dB	Unconstrained amplitudes	[25]
Circularly shaped with square lattice	Sum	3413	Three level SLLs with four rectangular nulling sectors	Unconstrained amplitudes	[25]
Elliptically shaped with triangular lattice	Azimuth difference	5509	≤−71 dB SLL, mostly Chebyshev sidelobes	Unconstrained amplitudes	[25]
Circularly shaped with triangular lattice	Sum, Azimuth difference	5800	−51 dB SLL sum pattern, −48 dB SLL difference pattern, pattern recovery with 5, 10, and 30% failed elements	Constrained amplitudes, 8-bit quantization	[27]
Linear, thinned symmetrically and asymmetrically	Sum	200	SLL minimization with different fill factors (FL), e.g., −24.8 dB SLL achieved with 10,000 trials for 77% FL	On/off element states	[28]
Thinned circularly shaped 0.5-λ-spaced	Sum	7788, 9386	SLL minimization with 30% and 40% FL	On/off element states	[29]
Thinned circularly shaped 0.5-λ-spaced	Sum	25, 50, 100, and 133.3 λ	SLL minimization over the entire ()-cell	10 dB range continuous amplitudes for ON elements, 15 dB amplitudes with nulling	[30]
Thinned circularly shaped 0.5-λ-spaced	Azimuth difference	25, 50, 100, and 133.3 λ	SLL minimization over the entire ()-cell	20B range continuous amplitudes for ON elements	[30]
Linear	Sum	31, 61, 100, 200	SLL minimization with phase randomization	Phases with 3-to-8 bit resolutions	[33]
Linear	Sum, difference	40, 120	SLL minimization with amplitude randomization	20 dB amplitude range with, 4,5,6-bit resolutions	[33]