A Review of Antenna Array Technologies for Point-to-Point and Point-to-Multipoint Wireless Communications at Millimeter-Wave Frequencies

Table 2

State of the art of antenna arrays for PtM mm-wave wireless communications.

Antenna technology	Bandwidth (GHz)	Peak gain (dBi)	Dimensions (mm^2)	SLL (dB)	Aperture efficiency (%)	Number of elements	Dimension of beam scanning	Polarization	Max scan angle	Scan loss coefficient
Stacked patch [51]	28–32	22.5	50 × 63	−10	57	8 × 8	Azimuth and elevation	Single	Az.: ±50°; El.: ±25°	Az.: n = 1.5; El.: NA
Patch on PCB [52]	26–31.4	12	23 × 23	−8	26	4 × 4	Azimuth	Dual	Az.: ±42°	Az.: n = 2
Dipole [56]	26.5–29.5	12	NA	−9	NA	8 × 1	Azimuth	Single	Az.: ±50°	Az.: n = 2
Patch [57]	57–66	21.5	14.1 × 22.4	−11	85	48	Azimuth and elevation	Single	Az.: ±60°; El.: ±10°	Az.: n = 1.7; El.: NA
AiP patch/dipole for UE [59]	28–29.5	14	NA	−7	NA	2 × 4	Azimuth and elevation	Dual	Az.: ±45°; El.: ±45°	Az.: n = 2el.: n = 1.7
AiP patch for UE [61]	27.5–29.5	14	11.6 × 22	−8	79	2 × 4	Azimuth	Dual	Az.: ±30°	Az.: n = 1.7
Patch for BS [62]	28–32	24	70 × 70	−9	47	8 × 8	Azimuth and elevation	Dual	Az.: ±50°; El.: ±50°	Az.: n = 2el.: n = 1.5
AiP patch [65]	80–100	30	45 × 45	−8	44	384	Azimuth and elevation	Dual	Az.: ±20°; El.: ±30°	Az.: n = 4.2; El.: n = 4.7
Vivaldi for UE [66]	27.4–28.6	12	60 × 130	−10	30	1 × 8	Azimuth	Single	Az.: ±70°	Az.: n = 0.5
DRA for BS [68]	26–30	23.5	63.1 × 69.4	−12	44	8 × 8	Azimuth and elevation	Dual	Az.: ±60°; El.: ±60°	Az.: n = 1.5; El.: n = 1.5
Gap waveguide [69]	26.5–31	24	135 × 122	−12	13	16 × 16	Azimuth and elevation	Dual	Az.: ±45°; El.: ±10°	Az.: n = 2; El.: NA
Horn for BS [70]	26.5–29.5	24	50 × 50	−13	90	8 × 8	Azimuth	Single	Az.: ±45°	Az.: n = 1.7
FPA [77]	20–40	43	830 × 255	−12	80	200	Azimuth	Single	Az.: ±20°	NA