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| Reference | Algorithm | Antennas type/no. of elements | Antennas configuration | Hardware implementation | Objectives |
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| [14] | Ambiguity function analysis equation and genetic algorithm | (i) Patch antennas | (i) 0.5λ spacing | Yes, at 76.5 GHz | To optimize antenna position in order to obtain ambiguity in the direction of arrival estimation |
| (ii) 4 TX | (ii) Planar array |
| (iii) 8 RX | |
|
| [15] | HFSS and genetic algorithm | (i) Multiring dielectric lens antennas | (i) Feed spacing of 0.5λ spacing. | Yes, at 38 GHz | To reduce the adjacent beam transition region for beam stability at mmW frequencies, by varying lens permittivity and ring size |
| (ii) 4 index |
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| [16] | Array factors and improved chicken swarm optimization (ICSO) | (i) Isotropic | (i) Linear array | No | To reduce maximum side lobe level by varying weight excitations (SLL). |
| (ii) 16 and 64 elements | (ii) Circular array |
| | (iii) Random array |
| | |
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| [17] | Memetic method: GA and quasi-Newton method | (i) Patch antenna | (i) Planar array | No | Minimize return loss (S11). |
| (ii) 2 by 2 | (ii) 0.5λ spacing |
| (iii) 8 by 8 | |
| (iv) 16 by 16 | |
|
| [18] | Cross correlation green function and GA | (i) Dipole antennas | (i) Circular | No | Synthesizing surface or volume MIMO antenna arrays with optimum cross correlation diversity gain performance (>80%) (varying space and orientation) |
| (ii) Cubic |
| (iii) Conformal array |
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| [19] | Improved harmony search algorithm (IHSA) and array factor | (i) Isotropic elements | (i) Time modulated linear array (TMLA) | No | To optimize pulse shifting, excitations in timed antenna array for the reduction of sidelobe and sideband |
| (ii) 16 and 30 | (ii) 0.5λ spacing |
|
| [20] | MoM (CST) and social network optimization (SNO) | (i) Reflect array antenna | (i) Planar | No | To scan the beam over a predefined angular range [θs min, θs max] in the elevation plane |
| (ii) 24 by 24 |
|
| [21] | Embedded pattern and particle swarm optimization | (i) Patch antenna | (i) Linear | Yes, at 7 GHz | To steer the beam to 0°, 30°, and 45° from broadside with maximum SLL of 20 d while compensating broken elements |
| (ii) 0.5λ spacing |
|
| This work | Induced EMF method and GA | (i) λ/2 dipole antenna | (i) Planar array | Yes, at 2.45 GHz | Steer the 30° HPBW main beam along the azimuth (horizontal) plane with step size of 10° and −10 dB SLL |
| (ii) 2 by 2 | (ii) 0.9λ0 spacing |
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