Analysis of the Electrical Performance of Multituned VLF Thirteen-Tower Umbrella Antennas

Table 3

Simulation results of the radiation efficiency.

Model	Parameters	Single-tuned antenna (n = 1)	“One main and one deputy” multituned antenna (n = 2)	“One main and two deputy” multituned antenna (n = 3)	“One main and five deputy” multituned antenna (n = 6)
Model I	Radiation resistance (Ω)	0.2064	0.8240	1.8453	7.2417
	Conductor loss resistance (Ω)	0.0096	0.0337	0.0772	0.2667
	Ground loss resistance (Ω)	0.6258	2.5034	5.6289	21.9755
	Radiation efficiency	24.5%	24.5%	24.4%	24.6%
Model II	Radiation resistance (Ω)	0.2064	0.8240	1.8453	7.2417
	Conductor loss resistance (Ω)	0.0096	0.0337	0.0772	0.2667
	Ground loss resistance (Ω)	0.0707	0.2813	0.6325	2.4200
	Radiation efficiency	72.0%	72.3%	72.2%	72.9%

Detailed simulation results of antenna model I and model II with single tuning and multituning at 24 kHz, and n is the number of the antenna units.