Diet across the Lifespan and the Association with Breast Density in Adulthood

Table 8

Randomized controlled trials in adulthood of diet and breast density.

Author, year	Study population,; (𝑛)	Design	Age	Foods/nutrients of interest	Dietary assessment	Outcome	Major significant results	Adjustments
Bertone-Johnson et al. 2012 [20]; (also in Table 3)	WHI Ca + D trial; 𝑛=330  postmenopausal women with low BD (8.4% ± 10.2%)(US)	RCT	I and C, respectively: 61.8 y, 62.0 y	Daily supplementation of 1,000 mg of Ca and 400 IU of vitamin D (1 y)	122-item FFQ	PBD: (mammogram: computer-assisted method)	Null	Subgroup analyses: age, race/ethnicity, total vitamin D, HT treatment, Gail risk score, BMI, region of residence, category of mammogram density at baseline.
Boyd et al. 1997 [35]	≥50% PBD; 𝑛=817(Canada)	RCT	I and C, respectively: 46.5 y, 45.9 y	Low-fat, high-CHO diet (2 y)	3-day food records	AD, PBD at baseline and 2 years (mammogram: automated)	Intervention group: BA ↓ by an average 2.4%. The average ↓ in PBD was 6.1%.; Control group: BA was ↑ by 0.3% and PBD was ↓ by 2.1%.	Group assignment, age, weight, menopausal status.
Martin et al. 2009 [36]	≥50% PBD (premenopausal at entry, postmenopausal during followup); 𝑛=461(Canada)	RCT	I and C, respectively: 48.7 y, 48.6 y.	Low-fat, high CHO intervention versus control (2 y)	Food records	TB, DA, NDA, PBD (mammogram: computer-assisted method)	Null	Family hx of BC, OC use, HRT, menopausal status, dietary fat
Knight et al. 1999 [37]	Premenopausal at entry and postmenopausal at followup; Total: 𝑛=78(Canada)	RCT	I and C, respectively: 49.5 y, 49.2 y.	Low-fat, high CHO intervention versus control (2 y)	3 food records	ADT, PBD at baseline and 2 years (mammogram: automated)	Total fat (median change: 57–31 g/d) was associated with an average 5.61 cm^2↓; in the ADT. Saturated fat (median change: 21–11 g/d) and was associated with an average 5.54 cm^2↓ in the ADT and a 3.93% ↓ in PBD. Dietary cholesterol (median change: 229–150 mg/d) was associated in an average 3.27 cm^2↓ in the ADT and a 3.52% ↓ in PBD.	Total energy, weight change (included in all models); age, family hx, smoking status, parity, ever breast feeding, OC use, age at menarche, age at first birth, PA
Dorgan et al. 2010 [18]; (also in Table 2)	DISC; Premenopausal women; 𝑛=182; (US, NH-White)	CS; (RCT followup)	25–29 y	Long-term effects of low-fat diet	3–24-hr dietary recalls	PBD and VDT (MRI)	Null	% body fat, age at randomization, age at visit, clinic, BMI-𝑍 score, race, education, smoking status, PA at 14–17 years old and separately during the past year, number of full term pregnancies, hormonal contraceptives