Diet across the Lifespan and the Association with Breast Density in Adulthood

Table 9

Studies of total energy and adult breast density.

Author, year	Study population,; (𝑛)	Design	Age	Foods/nutrients of interest	Dietary assessment	Outcome	Major significant results	Adjustments
Haars et al. 2010 [12] (also in Table 1 and 2)	DOM-project, The Netherlands; 𝑛=535; (The Netherlands)	CS	>18 y/53 y	Short-term energy restriction	Described in Table 1	BS, DT, NDT, PBD: (mammogram; visual observation)	Null	Age at examination, parity, menopausal status, BMI
Sala et al. 2000 [29]; (also in Tables 4 and 5)	EPIC-Norfolk; Cases: P2/DY; Controls: N1/P1 (𝑛=203 cases & 𝑛=203 controls)(UK)	NCC	Cases & Controls: 59 y	Total energy	7-day food record	Wolfe Patterns: (High Risk: P2 & DY; Low Risk: N1 & P1)	All women: total energy: OR𝑇3versus𝑇1 = 1.79, 95% CI: 1.09–2.91); Postmenopausal women: total energy: (OR𝑇3versus𝑇1 = 2.27, 1.20–4.26)	Unadjusted
Mishra et al. 2011 [13] (also in Tables 1 and 6)	BBC; 𝑛=700(England)	PC	36, 43 y/51 y; (“habitual adult” dietary patterns)	Total energy	5-day food records	PBD, ADT, ANDT; (mammogram; Cumulus)	All women: energy: PBD: Per SD 0.12; (95% CI: 0.01, 0.23); ADT: Per SD: 0.12 (95% CI: 0.00–0.25).	Mammographic view, age at mammogram, BMI at 53, age at menarche, menopausal status at the time of mammography, HT use, parity, smoking status, PA, social class, other three dietary patterns, energy intake.

PC: prospective cohort; CS: cross-sectional; CC: case control; NCC: nested case-control; RCT: randomized controlled trial; I: intervention; C: control; BS: breast size; PBD: percent breast density; VDT: volume of dense tissue; ADT: area of dense tissue; ANDT: area of non-dense tissue; DT: dense tissue; NDT: non-dense tissue; TDA: total dense area; BMI: body mass index; HRT: hormone replacement therapy; MBCFSC: minnesota breast cancer family study cohort; BBC: british birth cohort; MDAS-WHI: mammogram density ancillary study-women’s health initiative; WHI CaD: women’s health initiative calcium and vitamin d trial; DOM-Project: diagnostisch onderzoek mammacarcinoom-project; EPIC: european investigation into cancer and nutrition; NBCSP: norwegian breast cancer screening program; CNBSS: canadian national breast screening study; DISC: dietary intervention study in children; BEAN: the breast, estrogens, and nutrition study; MEC: the multiethnic cohort; CHO: carbohydrate; MUFA: monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA; polyunsaturated fatty acids; n-6-FA: omega 6 fatty acids; BC: Breast Cancer; MVMM: multivitamin/multimineral supplement; NH-White: non-hispanic white; OR: odds ratio; FFQ: food frequency questionnaire; BI-RADS: breast imaging-reporting and data system; MDS: mediterranean diet score; WHR: waist-to-hip ratio; PA: physical activity; ER Status: estrogen receptor status; OC: oral contraceptive; Hx: history; MV: multivitamin.