The Role of Forkhead Box Protein M1 in Breast Cancer Progression and Resistance to Therapy

Figure 1

Schematic diagram of the biological role of FOXM1 in carcinogenesis. Recent research has shown that FOXM1 has a complex and diverse role in carcinogenesis. The effects of FOXM1 are mediated by numerous downstream targets as shown in this figure. In addition, several effects of FOXM1 on carcinogenesis are mediated by upstream regulators of FOXM1 (). Bcl-2: B-cell lymphoma/leukemia-2 protein; Bmi-1: B lymphoma Mo-MLV insertion region 1 homolog; Cav-1: caveolin-1; CEP55: centrosomal protein 55 kDa; c-Myc: myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog; COX-2: cyclooxygenase-2; CX3CR1: chemokine receptor CX3CR1; ERα: estrogen receptor alpha; FLK-1: fetal liver kinase-1; FOXF1: Forkhead box protein F1; FOXM1: human Forkhead box M1; HELLS: lymphoid specific helicase; HIF-1: hypoxia-inducible factor-1; JNK1: C-Jun NH₂-terminal kinase-1; LOX: lysyl oxidase; LOXL2: lysyl oxidase homolog 2; MMP-2: matrix metallopeptidase-2; MMP-9: matrix metallopeptidase-9; MnSOD: manganese superoxide dismutase; OGT: O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase; p19ARF: p19 alternate reading frame; : cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1; : p27 kinase inhibitor protein 1; RB: retinoblastoma; Skp2: S phase kinase-associated protein 2; SOX2: Sry-related HMG box2; STRP1: short tandem repeat polymorphism 1; TOPO-2α: topoisomerase-2 alpha; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor.