Effectiveness of Resistance Training on Fatigue in Patients Undergoing Cancer Treatment: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials

Table 2

Effects of muscle strength exercise on fatigue.

Author and year	Methodology used to evaluate fatigue		Results
	Trained group	Scale used to evaluate fatigue	Percentage variation in fatigue due to resistance training ()	Fatigue/effect size
Courneya et al., [29, 30]	EG: traditional muscle strength training. Leg extension, leg curl, leg press, calf raise, chest press, seated row, triceps extension, bicep curl, and modified abdominal	FACT-An	EG:	FACT (=)/intergroup ES: 0.07 (-0.28; 0.41); intragroup ES: -0.63 (-0.91; -0.25)
Courneya et al., [29, 30]	EG: traditional muscle strength training	FACT-An	EG:	FACT (=)/intergroup ES: -0.13 (-0.42; 0.19); intragroup ES: -0.20 (-0.50; 0.12)
Cheng et al., [28]	EG: traditional muscle strength training. Standing row, bench press, standing upper limbs dumbbell press, lying leg lifts, prone leg raises, and prone leg curls	BFI	EG:	BFI (+)/TE: DN
Christensen at al., [42]	EG: progressive muscle strength training. Leg press, knee extension, chest press, and lateral pull down using stationary equipment (Technogym)	Fatigue subscale of EORTC-QLQ-C30	EG:	EORTC QLQ-C30 (+)/intergroup ES: 0.26 (-0,48; 0.95); intragroup ES: -0.82 (-1.50; -0.01)
Grote et al., [34]	EG: traditional muscle strength training. Leg press, chest pull, and chest press (Kaphingst).	MFI	General fatigue EG: ; physical fatigue EG: ; mental fatigue EG:	MFI (=)/intergroup ES: -0.36 (-1.22; 0.55); intragroup ES: -0.12 (-0.99; 0.76)
Hacker et al., [41]	EG: traditional muscle strength training. Chest fly, bicep curl, triceps extension, knee bend, shrug, vertical shoulder row, lateral shoulder raise, knee bend, knee extension, wall push-up, squats, and in-bed sit-ups	Fatigue subscale of EORTC-QLQ-C30	EG:	EORTC QLQ-C30 (+)/intergroup ES: 1.17 (0.06; 2.09); intragroup ES: 0.48 (-0.55; 1.43)
Hacker et al., [40]	EG: traditional muscle strength training. Seated leg press, seated row machine, trunk flexion, knee flexion machine, bench press, trunk extension machine, push press, standing planted flexion, and frontal pulldown	CFQ fatigue subscale of EORTC-QLQ-C30	CFQ: general fatigue EG: ; physical fatigue EG: ; ; EORTC QLQ-C30: EG:	Chalder fatigue scale (=)/intergroup ES: 0.24 (-0.26; 0.70); intragroup ES: 0.11 (-0.38; 0.58); EORTC-QLQ-C30 (=)/intergroup ES: 0.07 (-0.42; 0.54); intragroup ES: -0.11 (-0.59; 0.38)
Piraux et al., [38]	EG: traditional muscle strength training. Abdominal, pectoral, deltoid, trapezius, latissimus dorsi, erector spinae, biceps, triceps, quads, hamstrings, gastrocnemius, soleus, and glutes	FACIT-F	EG:	FACIT-F (+)/intergroup ES: -0.47 (-1.01; 0.14); intragroup ES: 0.08 (-0.49; 0.64)
Rogers et al., [35]	EG: traditional muscle strength training. Chest press, leg extension, lateral row, reverse curl, triceps using wall push-ups or triceps kickback, heel raise, 2-arm frontal raise, hamstring curl, and arm curl	FACT-F	EG:	FACT-F (=)/intergroup ES: -0.24 (-1.23; 0.80); intragroup ES: -0.58 (-1.60; 0.53)
Santa Mina et al., [39]	EG: progressive muscle strength training. The resistance exercises were ball squats, hamstring curls, push-ups, upright rows, triceps extensions, bicep curls, seated row, lateral raises, abdominal crunches on the ball, and hip extensions	FACT-F	EG:	FACT-F (=): intergroup ES: 3.63 (2.6; 4.09); intragroup ES: 1.16 (0.56; 1.58)
Schmidt et al., [31]	EG: progressive resistance exercises. 8 machine-based exercises	FAQ	Total fatigue EG: ; physical fatigue EG: ; affective fatigue EG: ; cognitive fatigue EG:	FAQ (=)/intergroup ES: 0.42 (-0.02; 0.79); intragroup ES: 0.02 (-0.38; 0.41)
Schmidt et al., [32]	EG: traditional resistance exercises. Leg extension, leg curl, seated chest curl, latissimus curl, shoulder press, triceps extension, bicep curl, calf raise, lower back extension, and modified push-ups	FAQ	EG:	FAQ (=)/TE: DN
Segal et al., [36]	EG: progressive resistance exercises. Leg press, chest press, leg extension, leg curl, shoulder press, seated side pull row, calf raise, crunch, and back extension	FACT-F	EG:	FACT-F (+)/intergroup ES: -0.13 (-0.44; 0.20); intragroup ES: -0.08 (-0.38; 0.24)
Segal et al., [37]	EG: progressive resistance exercises. Leg press, chest press, leg extension, leg curl, shoulder press, seated side pull row, calf raise, crunch, and back extension	FACT-F	EG:	FACT-F (+)/intergroup ES: -0.34 (-0.75; 0.13); intragroup ES: -0.26 (-0.68; 0.20)
Steindorf et al., [33]	EG: progressive resistance exercises. Leg extension, leg curl, leg press, internal and external shoulder rotation, seated row, downward latissimus pulls, shoulder flexion and extension, and butterfly and reverse butterfly	Fatigue subscale of EORTC-QLQ-C30 FAQ	EORTC-QLQ-C30 EG: ; FAQ total fatigue EG: ; physical fatigue EG: ; affective fatigue EG: ; cognitive fatigue EG:	EORTC-QLQ-C30(=)/intergroup ES: 0.26 (-0.07; 0.56); intragroup ES: 0.30 (-0.04; 0.60); FAQ (+)/intergroup ES: 0.36 (0.01; 0.65); intragroup ES: 0.25 (-0.08; 0.55)

EG: resistance training group; HIIT: high-intensity interval training; EORTC-QLQ-C30: European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Core 30-Item Quality of Life Questionnaire; PFS: Piper Fatigue Scale; FACT-An: the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Anemia; MFI: the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory; CFQ: Chalder fatigue scale; FACT-F: Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy Fatigue; FAQ: fatigue assessment questionnaire; DN: data not described; ES: effect size; (+): positive treatment effect; (=): treatment without effect.