Architecture of a convolution NN (a class of PML). The convolution NN can be considered as a simplified version of the Neocognitron model, which was proposed to simulate the human visual system. The layers in the convolution NN are connected with local shift-invariant inter-connections (or convolution with a local kernel). The input and output of the convolution NN are images and nominal class labels (e.g., Class A and Class B), respectively.