Molecular Imaging Probes for Diagnosis and Therapy Evaluation of Breast Cancer

Table 1

Selected molecular imaging probes for breast cancer.

Receptor/biomarker	Imaging probe	Imaging modality	In clinic/clinical trial	Reference
Glucose metabolism	^18F-FDG	PET	√	[9–16]
DNA synthesis	^18F-FLT	PET	√	[17–22]
ER	^18F-FES and its analogs	PET	√	[23–25]
	Z-[^123I]MIVE	Gamma imaging	√	[26, 27]
	^99mTc(I)-Estradiol-pyridin-2-yl hydrazine derivatives	SPECT		[28]
	^99mTc-Glutamate peptide estradiol (GAP-EDL)	SPECT		[29]
	^18F-Fluorotamoxifen	PET	√	[30, 31]
	^18F-Labeled cyclofenil analogues	PET		[32, 33]
	^99mTc-DTPA-TOR	SPECT		[34]
	^11C-Labeled tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives	PET		[35]
	EPTA-Gd/TPTA-Gd	MRI		[4]
PR	[^18F]FMNP	PET		[36]
	[^18F]FENP	PET	√	[37]
	[^18F]FPTP	PET		[38, 39]
HER2	^89Zr-Labeled trastuzumab	PET	√	[40]
	^111In-Labeled trastuzumab	SPECT	√	[41]
	^111In-Labeled pertuzumab	SPECT		[42]
	^99mTc-Labeled 2Rs15d	SPECT		[43]
	Herceptin-nanoparticles	MRI		[44]
	PAION-Ab	MRI		[45]
	^111In-ICG-panitumumab/^111In-ICG-trastuzumab	SPECT/optical imaging		[46]
	^68Ga-ABY-002/^111In-ABY-002	SPECT		[47]
	^99mTc-ZHER2:2395-Cys	SPECT		[48]
	Streptavidin-functionalized SPIO and biotinylated HER2-specific affibody	MRI		[49]
	Affibody-based fluorescence agent	Optical imaging		[50, 51]
HSP90 therapy response	^111In-, ^64Cu-, and ^68Ga-labeled DOTA-conjugated Herceptin fragment	PET		[52]
	^89Zr-labeled trastuzumab	PET		[53]
	(^18F-FBEM)-ZHER2:342	PET		[54]
	Anti-Her2 Affibody-AlexaFluor680	Optical imaging		[55]
EGFR	[^11C]PD153035	PET		[56]
	^99mTc-Hydrazinonicotinamide EGF-PEG-Qdot	Confocal microscopy		[57]
	EGF-Cy5.5	Optical imaging		[58]
	Anti-EGFR antibody conjugated FNs	Optical imaging		[59]
	Alex680-ZEGFR:1907 and Cy5.5-ZEGFR:1907	Optical imaging		[60]
IGF-1R	^89Zr or ^111In labeled R1507	SPECT or PET		[61, 62]
	AVE-1642-Conjugated Alexa 680	Optical imaging		[63]
	^99mTc-Peptide-PNA-peptide	SPECT		[64–66]
	Metal-chelator-PNA-peptides	Scintigraphy, PET, or MRI		[67, 68]
	^64Cu-DOTA-VEGF(DEE)	PET		[69]
VEGFR	Anti-VEGFR2 Monoclonal antibody-conjugated UCA	Ultrasonography		[70]
	^99mTc-labeled single-chain VEGF	SPECT		[71]
Integrin	^64Cu-DOTA-RGD, [^18F]FB-RGD, and ^125I-RGD	PET		[72]
	^64Cu-DOTA-dimer RGD	PET		[73]
	^18F-FBEM-SRGD (RGD monomer) and ^18F-FBEM-SRGD2 (RGD dimer)	PET		[74]
	^18F-galacto-RGD	PET	√	[75]
	^68Ga-DOTA-E-[c(RGDfK)]	PET		[76]
	RGD peptide-labeled FSiNPs	Optical imaging		[77]
	^99mTc(I) Tricarbonyl complex of cyclic RGD peptide	SPECT		[78]
	^99mTc-labeled cyclic RGD tetramer	SPECT		[79]
	^99mTc-NC100692	Scintigraphy	√	[80, 81]
	HPMA copolymer-Gd-RGDfK	MRI		[82]
	MBs-RGD	Ultrasonography		[5]

MRI: dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging; PET: positron emission tomography; SPECT: single-photon emission computed tomography; FDG: ¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose; FLT: ¹⁸F-fluorothymidine; ER: estrogen receptor; FES: 16α-[¹⁸F]-fluoro-17β-estradiol; Z-[¹²³I]MIVE, ¹²³Iodine labelled cis-11β-methoxy-17α-iodovinyloestradiol; EPTA-Gd/TPTA-Gd: pyridine-tetra-acetate-Gd(III) chelate (PTA-Gd) conjugated to 17β-estradiol/tamoxifen; PR: progesterone receptor; [¹⁸F]FMNP: 21-[¹⁸F]fluoro-16-α-methyl-19-norprogesterone; [¹⁸F]FENP: 21-[¹⁸F]-Fluoro-16α-ethyl-norprogesterone; [¹⁸F]-FPTP: 4-[¹⁸F]fluoropropyl-Tanaproget; HER2: human epidermal growth factor receptor 2; PAION-Ab: poly(amino acid) coated iron oxide nanoparticles conjugated with HER2 antibody; SPIO: superparamagnetic iron oxide; HSP90: heat shock protein 90; ¹⁸F-FBEM: N-[2-(4-[¹⁸F]fluorobenzamido)ethyl]maleimide; EGFR: epidermal growth factor receptor; IGF-1R: type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor; VEGFR: vascular endothelial growth factor receptor; UCA: ultrasound contrast agents; RGD: arginine-glycine-aspartic acid peptide; FSiNPs: fluorescent silica nanoparticles; HPMA: N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide; MBs: microbubbles.