Clutter Mitigation in Echocardiography Using Sparse Signal Separation

<table class="figure-group"><tr class="fig-image" id="a"><td><object data="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/ijbi/volume-2015/958963/figures/958963.fig.007a.svgz" name="958963.fig.007a" type="image/svg+xml"></object></td></tr><tr class="fig-caption"><td><b>(a) </b>Tissue atoms</td></tr><tr class="fig-image" id="b"><td><object data="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/ijbi/volume-2015/958963/figures/958963.fig.007b.svgz" name="958963.fig.007b" type="image/svg+xml"></object></td></tr><tr class="fig-caption"><td><b>(b) </b>Clutter atoms</td></tr></table>

<div>Example of (a) tissue atoms and (b) clutter atoms in the obtained subdictionaries from applying MCA with a cut-off value of <svg height="12.7178pt" id="M235" style="vertical-align:-3.42947pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 44.3696 12.7178" width="44.3696pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M558 587C558 666 497 712 432 712C379 712 330 691 284 650C212 586 178 508 148 348L71 -65C49 -185 35 -229 23 -235L27 -261C49 -259 101 -251 124 -224C131 -216 138 -178 159 -24C171 66 197 200 227 356C264 550 295 668 393 668C443 668 479 632 479 575C479 516 446 458 383 418C361 404 344 398 318 397L296 350C395 338 460 281 460 192C460 110 411 40 300 40C258 40 215 55 192 69L181 51C191 18 222 -16 266 -16C308 -16 351 1 397 26C471 67 545 142 545 221C545 315 486 365 401 395C469 437 558 498 558 587Z" id="g113-224"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="581" vert-adv-y="581"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.186,0)"><path d="M535 323V373H52V323H535ZM535 138V188H52V138H535Z" id="g117-34"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="587" vert-adv-y="587"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,22.449,0)"><path d="M241 635C89 635 35 457 35 312C35 153 89 -12 240 -12C390 -12 443 166 443 312C443 466 390 635 241 635ZM238 602C329 602 354 454 354 312C354 172 330 22 240 22C152 22 124 173 124 313S148 602 238 602Z" id="g121-46"></path><glyph.data ascent="989" descent="-360" horiz-adv-x="480" vert-adv-y="480"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,28.689,0)"><path d="M113 -12C146 -12 170 11 170 46C170 78 146 103 114 103S58 78 58 46C58 11 82 -12 113 -12Z" id="g113-47"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="228" vert-adv-y="228"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,31.653,0)"><path d="M447 623H65C61 580 56 530 47 475H76C100 541 106 550 172 550H388C308 376 196 170 91 -1L98 -12L172 -2C268 204 360 408 455 611L447 623Z" id="g121-53"></path><glyph.data ascent="989" descent="-360" horiz-adv-x="480" vert-adv-y="480"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,37.893,0)"><path d="M153 550H386L412 615L406 623H120L82 318C104 327 142 338 184 338C294 338 347 275 347 187C347 112 305 39 221 39C160 39 119 71 97 89C88 97 80 96 71 90C59 80 50 67 49 57C48 45 52 36 66 23C80 9 123 -12 169 -12C221 -11 288 15 342 59C403 109 431 165 431 225C431 308 366 395 238 395C212 395 165 379 127 364L153 550Z" id="g121-51"></path><glyph.data ascent="989" descent="-360" horiz-adv-x="480" vert-adv-y="480"></glyph.data></g></svg>. The dictionary is learned using the simulated sequence echo data. The magnitude of the atoms is presented. The atoms are shown after being transformed from vectors into 2D patches and being envelope-detected. The horizontal direction refers to the temporal dimension and the vertical direction to the axial dimension.</div>

International Journal of Biomedical Imaging

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Figure 7

Figure 7: Clutter Mitigation in Echocardiography Using Sparse Signal Separation 