Recent Progress of Fabrication of Cell Scaffold by Electrospinning Technique for Articular Cartilage Tissue Engineering

Table 2

Summary of electrospinning-based techniques for fabricating gradient scaffolds.

Authors	Year	Gradient parameter(s)	Technique	Results	Application
Zander et al. [27]	2012	Protein concentration gradient	Air-plasma-modified electrospinning	Corresponding cell outgrowth rate	Tissue engineering
Zhang et al. [28]	2012	Composition and biomolecule gradient	Microfluidic assisted electrospinning	Guided spatial cell differentiation	Tissue engineering
Ramalingam et al. [29]	2013	Composition gradient	Coelectrospinning	Enhanced osteogenic cells proliferation and adhesion	Interfacial tissue engineering
Grey et al. [30]	2013	Fiber diameter gradient	Gradient electrospinning	Enhanced mechanical properties	Tissue engineering
Angarano et al. [31]	2013	Fiber diameter gradient	Reactive electrospinning	Gradient biodegradation rate	Soft tissue regeneration
Sundararaghavan et al. [32]	2013	Growth factor gradient	Gradient electrospinning	Directed cell motility in gradient direction	Tissue engineering
He et al. [33]	2014	Structure and composition gradient	Modified coelectrospinning	Gradient cell metabolic activity	Tissue engineering
Liu et al. [34]	2014	Mineral gradient	Graded mineral coating	Graded mesenchymal stem cells osteogenesis	Interfacial tissue engineering
Mohan et al. [18]	2015	CS and BG gradient	Electrospun fiber assembled hydrogel	Glycosaminoglycan enriched and mineralized cartilage formation	Cartilage tissue engineering
Liu et al. [35]	2016	GS and deferoxamine	3D bioprinting and electrospinning	Spatiotemporal drug release	Osteochondral tissue engineering