Insertion of propionate CoA-transferase and polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) synthase gene [16] Knocking out the ackA, ppc, and adhE genes[16] Replacing the promoters of the ldhA and acs genes with the trc promoter[16]
Introduction of propionate CoA transferase (PctCp) gene from Clostridium propionicum And 19 polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) synthase 1 (PhaC1Ps6-19) from Pseudomonas sp. into Escherichia coli for the generation of lactyl-CoA endogenously and incorporation of lactyl-CoA[17]
introduction of heterologous pathways having engineered propionate CoA-transferase and polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) synthase in to E. coli for generation of lactyl-CoA [18]