The Use of Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields to Promote Bone Responses to Biomaterials In Vitro and In Vivo

Table 3

The table summarizes the in vitro and in vivo studies on the effects of PEMF stimulation on osteoblastic primary cells and cell lines on polymer-based biomaterials. Studies are listed in chronological order.

Experimental model	Biomaterial	PEMF	Field Intensity (mT)	PEMF waveform	Exposure	PEMF Generator	Reference
Human osteosarcoma MG-63 cells	poly-methyl methacrylate; (PMMA) scaffolds; or PMMA-alpha; Tricalcium; Phosphate (α-TCP); composite scaffolds	1.3 ms-long, 75 Hz	2.3	Trapezoidal	12 hours/day for 3 days	Igea, Carpi, Italy	(Torricelli et al., 2003)
Primary rat; calvaria; osteoblasts	Porous poly(DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) scaffolds	300 μs-long; pulses; at 7.5; Hz	0.13, 0.24 or 0.32	Rectangular	2 or 8 hours/day	PIC/16C54 series, Microchip Technology Inc., AZ	(Tsai et al., 2007)
7F2+ RAW; 264.7	3D chitosan; scaffolds	1.3 ms-long, 75 Hz	1.5	Trapezoidal	9 hours	BIOSTIM, Igea, Carpi, Italy	(Lin and Lin, 2011)
Human osteosarcoma Saos-2 cells	Methacrylamide-modified gelatin type B scaffolds	1.3 ms pulses at 75 Hz	2	Trapezoidal	24 hours/day for 22 days	BIOSTIM, Igea, Carpi, Italy	(Fassina et al., 2012)
Osteochondral defects in rabbit medial femoral condyles.	Commercially available equine collagen scaffolds with or w/o BMC	1.3 ms-long, 75 Hz	1.5	Trapezoidal	4 hours/day for 40 days	I-ONE, Igea, Carpi, Italy	(Veronesi et al., 2015)
Rat calvaria defects	Commercially available collagen sponges loaded with 2.5-10 g rhBMP-2	12 s pulses, 60 Hz	1	n/a	8 hours/day for 5 days	In-house built	(Yang et al., 2015)
Human adipose tissue-derived stem cells	Electrospun poly(caprolactone) nanofibrous scaffolds	50 Hz	1	n/a	6 hours/day for up to 21 days	n/a	(Arjmand et al., 2018)