Experimental model Biomaterial PEMF Field Intensity (mT) PEMF waveform Exposure PEMF Generator Reference Human osteosarcoma MG-63 cells poly-methyl methacrylate (PMMA) scaffolds or PMMA-alpha Tricalcium Phosphate (α -TCP) composite scaffolds 1.3 ms-long, 75 Hz 2.3 Trapezoidal 12 hours/day for 3 days Igea, Carpi, Italy (Torricelli et al., 2003) Primary rat calvaria osteoblasts Porous poly(DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) scaffolds 300 μ s-long pulses at 7.5 Hz 0.13, 0.24 or 0.32 Rectangular 2 or 8 hours/day PIC/16C54 series, Microchip Technology Inc., AZ (Tsai et al., 2007) 7F2+ RAW 264.7 3D chitosan scaffolds 1.3 ms-long, 75 Hz 1.5 Trapezoidal 9 hours BIOSTIM, Igea, Carpi, Italy (Lin and Lin, 2011) Human osteosarcoma Saos-2 cells Methacrylamide-modified gelatin type B scaffolds 1.3 ms pulses at 75 Hz 2 Trapezoidal 24 hours/day for 22 days BIOSTIM, Igea, Carpi, Italy (Fassina et al., 2012) Osteochondral defects in rabbit medial femoral condyles. Commercially available equine collagen scaffolds with or w/o BMC 1.3 ms-long, 75 Hz 1.5 Trapezoidal 4 hours/day for 40 days I-ONE, Igea, Carpi, Italy (Veronesi et al., 2015) Rat calvaria defects Commercially available collagen sponges loaded with 2.5-10 g rhBMP-2 12 s pulses, 60 Hz 1 n/a 8 hours/day for 5 days In-house built (Yang et al., 2015) Human adipose tissue-derived stem cells Electrospun poly(caprolactone) nanofibrous scaffolds 50 Hz 1 n/a 6 hours/day for up to 21 days n/a (Arjmand et al., 2018)