Surface Activation and Pretreatments for Biocompatible Metals and Alloys Used in Biomedical Applications

Table 1

Surface properties obtained from immersing Ti substrates in various H₂O₂ baths.

Procedure	Characteristic Results
200 mL of 35% H2O2 at 60°C for 2 hrs, then 48 hrs at R.T. [27]	(i) Dense and amorphous HAp composite layer; (ii) Similar characteristics to NaOH pretreatment; (iii) Induced fast formation of uniform HA coating
10 mL of 5 M H2O2 at 60°C for 24 hrs. [32]	(i) Produced thicker and more porous oxide layer (~0.06 μm); (ii) Provided more favorable sites for CaP nucleation; (iii) Formation of basic TiOH groups was accelerated
5M H2O2/0.1 M HNO3 (pH 7) at 80°C for 20 min. [31]	(i) Anatase-type TiO2 oxide layer with very low crystallinity; (ii) Obtained sponge-like morphology; (iii) Homogenous and uniform formation of HAp clusters