Review Article
Surface Activation and Pretreatments for Biocompatible Metals and Alloys Used in Biomedical Applications
Table 6
Summary of pretreatments and results for different biocompatible substrates.
| Substrate | Pre-treatment | Surface properties |
| Ti and its alloys | Alkaline | Hydrated Ti oxide gel layer | Acidic | Removes free metal, increases metal oxide layer | H2O2 | Forms titanium dioxide and titanium hydroxide | Anodizing | Titanium dioxide nanotube layer, increases natural oxide layer | Sandblasting | Increases roughness and surface area, activates surface. |
| Stainless Steel | Alkaline | Hydrous metal oxide layer | Acidic | Removes MnS inclusions, creates Cr oxide layer, enriches Mo (noble element) | Electron beam | Removes MnS inclusions, melted surface forms strong interfacial bond with substrate |
| Mg and its alloys | Alkaline | Increases surface area and roughness | Acidic | KMgF3 cubic crystals in the protective coating | Anodizing | Creates thick and porous oxide layer | Micro-arc oxidation | Creates thick and porous oxide layer |
| CoCrMo alloy | Acidic | Creates oxide layer, including CoCr2O4, Cr2O3, Co oxides, and Mo oxides. | ECAD | Increases adhesion strength between the HAp film and substrate as well as enhance the capability of HAp formation. |
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