Mycelium-Based Composite: The Future Sustainable Biomaterial

Table 2

Mycelium-based materials with different strain and substrates.

Fungal species	Substrate type	Supplement	Moisture content (%)	Temperature (°C)	Incubation time (days)	Mold type	Drying method	Fabrication method	Target use	Compressive strength (kPa)	References
Trametes versicolor, Trametes multicolor, and G. sessile	Saw dust	Wheat straw	50	23	6^a + 6^b	Plastic mold	Oven-dried for 48 h at 60°C	—	—	—	[32]
—	Paddy straw, fine paddy powder, and saw dust	—	—	26–27	(7–15)^a + 7^b	Plastic mold	1000 C for 30–45 minutes	—	Construction materials	347	[73]
Pleurotus ostreatus	Sawdust, straw, and mixture	Wheat bran	67.5 ± 2.5	24 ± 1	14^a + 3^b	Plastic form work	Oven-dried at 90°C for 90 min	—	Construction materials	20 to 188	[8]
Ganoderma lucidum and Pleurotus ostreatus	Cellulose	PDA	70–80	25–30	20^b	—	60°C for 2 h	—	—	—	[74]
P. ostreatus, Pleurotus eryngii, and Pycnoporus sanguineus	Coconut powder	Wheat bran	60–70	25	(15, 30, 45)^b	—	—	—	—	0.02 ± 0.01 to 0.04 ± 0.01	[75]
Ganoderma lucidum	Cotton stalk	Cotton bran	65	25	7^b	Plastic mold	65°C for 10 hr	—	—	—	[76]
Pleurotus ostreatus	Sawdust	—	80	25	45^b	Plastic mold	At 130°C for 20 and 40 min	Heat press	Composite board		[71]
Trametes multicolor and Pleurotus ostreatus	Sawdust and straw	—	65–70	25	14^b	Plastic mold	—	Heat press 150°C for 20 min	—	—	[63]
Pleurotus ostreatus	Bagasse, sawdust, and wheat bran	—	60	25	14^a + 14^b	Wooden mold	90°C for 12 hrs	10 kg load pressing	Packaging material, insulation, and furniture	6500	[4]
Pleurotus ostreatus, Volvariella, and Polyporus squamosus	Wood chips and hemp fiber	—	—	25	35^b	—	Oven-dried at 70°C for 18 hrs	Compressing with spoon	Design and architecture	452	[68]
Ganoderma sp.	Cotton carpel	Cotton seed hull and starch	—	21	6^b	Plastic mold	Oven-dried at 60°C for 8 hr	Hand press	Packaging	—	[36]
P. ostreatus, P. citrinopileatus, Pleurotus eryngii, and G. lucidum	Husk psyllium, flour, feathers, and textile	—	—	25	7^b	Glass beaker	Oven-dried at 90°C for 2 hrs	Hand press	Footwear products	124.80 to 340.08	[77]
—	Saw dust and rice bran	—	—	—	33^b	Steel mold	110–115°C for 24 hrs	—	Construction materials	4409 to 7990	[9]
Trichoderma asperellum, G. lucidum, Agaricus bisporus, P. ostreatus	Oat husk and rapeseed cake	—	—	21	14^a + 7^b	Plate	40°C for 48 hrs	Oil press	Plastic	16.8 to 299.6	[44]
G. lucidum	Rapeseed straw	Cellulose fiber	58	30	21^b	EPS mold	65°C for 24 hrs	Hand press	Wall insulation	845 ± 90.0	[64]
Coriolus versicolor and Pleurotus ostreatus	Wood chips, hemp hurd and fiber, and hemp mat	—	—	—	30^b	Plastic mold	125°C for 2 hrs	—	Plastic	24–93	[67]
Pleurotus ostreatus	Soil, xanthan gum, and guar gum	Hay, glycerol, and molasses	60–70	27	20^a + 30^b	Glass tank	—	—	Architectural activity	—	[78]
Trametes versicolor	Hardwood chips and hemp shives	—	70 ± 5	22 ± 2	—	Mold	93°C	—	Building materials	360 ± 50.0 to 520 ± 80.0	[69]
Trametes versicolor	Yellow birch wood veneers	—	80	28	18^b	—	—	Hot pressing	Wood bonding	1740	[35]
—	Sawdust and millet grain	Wheat bran	—	—	14	Tubular mold	60°C for 24 h	—	Biofoam	570	[47]

^aIncubation period before mold. ^bIncubation period after mold.