The Red Blood Cell as a Gender-Associated Biomarker in Metabolic Syndrome: A Pilot Study

Table 1

Patients’ characteristics. Significant differences are in bold. Data are the mean ± SD of 56 MetS patients (31 male and 25 female) and 40 HD (22 male and 18 female).

Variables	56 MetS; (M = 31 F = 25)	40 HD; (M = 22 F = 18)	P-values
Risk factors
Body mass index (Kg/m^2)	31.98 ± 4.84	21.05 ± 2.01	0.0001
Waist circumference (cm)	112.7 ± 14.98	71.79 ± 6.22	0.0001
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	134.57 ± 17.7	120.63 ± 8	0.03
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	84.13 ± 9.37	74.95 ± 5.68	0.001
Glucose (mg/dl)	122.71 ± 34.87	63.84 ± 9.38	0.001
Total cholesterol (mg/dl)	197.62 ± 38.83	178.39 ± 20.23	0.15
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dl)	125.4 ± 36.08	114.27 ± 28.51	0.31
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dl)	44.41 ± 8.47	47.09 ± 8.8	0.78
Triglyceride (mg/dl)	144.8 ± 72.28	118.94 ± 48.96	0.26
Family history of CAD	12 (50%)	4 (21%)	0.60
Family history of diabetes	13 (54%)	5 (26%)	0.80
Currently smokers	5 (21%)	12 (63%)	0.67
Echocardiography parameters
LVEF (%)	52.46 ± 6.16	59.68 ± 2.82	0.001
SIV (mm)	11.58 ± 0.92	8.74 ± 1.28	0.0001
PP (mm)	11.13 ± 0.90	9.21 ± 1.22	0.001
LVEDV (mL)	126.78 ± 31.19	115.00 ± 18.93	0.05
LVESV (mL)	58.57 ± 17.20	40.05 ± 6.32	0.002
LVM-I (g)	114.25 ± 16.84	77.36 ± 31.24	0.0001
Carotid echo-color Doppler parameters
CCA Sx (mm)	1.25 ± 0.36	0.73 ± 0.22	0.0001
ICA Sx (mm)	1.68 ± 0.73	0.67 ± 0.26	0.001
CCA Dx (mm)	1.30 ± 0.39	0.56 ± 0.28	0.001
ICA Dx (mm)	1.96 ± 0.79	0.66 ± 0.27	0.0001