Oncogenic Alternative Splicing Switches: Role in Cancer Progression and Prospects for Therapy

Table 1

Examples of genes that encode cancer-associated alternative splicing variants.

Gene	Splice variant	Cancer type	Function	Reference
ABCC1	Various internal deletions	Ovarian cancer	Drug resistance	[127]
Mdm2	Various internal deletions	Ovarian cancer	Loss of p53 binding	[127]
Fibronectin	Exclusion of EDB exon	Ovarian cancer	Tumor angiogenesis	[127]
MENA	Exclusion of exon 6	Breast cancer	Increase invasiveness and drug resistance	[104]
MENA	Skipping of exon 11A	Breast cancer	Enhance EMT	[103, 106]
Ron	Skipping of exon 11	Colon and gastric breast cancer	Increase motility and invasion	[64]
HDMX	Exclusion of exon 6	Soft-tissue sarcoma	Increase tumor aggressiveness	[132]
p73	Inclusion of exon 13	Prostate cancer	Prostate hyperplasia and malignancy	[133]
CASP9	Exclusion of a four-exon cassette	Non–small cell lung cancer	Susceptibility to chemotherapy	[134]
CASP8	Retained intron	Breast cancer	Inhibition of caspase	[135]
APC	Skipping of exon 4	Colon cancer	Cause familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)	[136]
BRCA1	Skipping of exon 18	Breast cancer	Breast cancer susceptibility	[137]
PTEN	Retained introns 3 and 5	Breast cancer	Pathogenesis of sporadic breast cancers with p53	[137]
p53	Retained intron	Breast cancer	Tumorigenesis	[137]
KLF6	Alternative 5′ ss	Prostate cancer	Tumor cell proliferation	[82]
NF1	Inclusion of exon 23a	Neurofibromatosis type I	Inactive tumor suppressor	[138]
ASIP	Alternative 3′ ss	Hepatocellular carcinoma	Blocks Fas-mediated apoptosis	[139]
Bcl-X	Alternative 5′ ss	Hepatocellular carcinoma	Regulation of apoptosis	[140]
TACC1	Exon inclusion	Gastric cancer	Altered centrosome functions	[141]
TERT	Alternative 3′ ss	Astrocytic gliomas	Rescue of telomerase activity	[142]
CDH17	Exclusion of exon 13	Hepatocellular carcinoma	Incidence of tumor recurrence	[143]