Reduced Risk of Parkinson’s Disease in Users of Calcium Channel Blockers: A Meta-Analysis

Table 3

Overall effect estimates for Parkinson’s disease and calcium channel blockers use according to study characteristics.

Characteristic		Risk ratio (95% CI)	value	Heterogeneity
				(%)	Cochrane
All studies	6	0.81 (0.69–0.96)	0.014^a	54.6	0.031
Study design
Cohort	3	0.73 (0.64–0.84)	<0.001^a	42.6	0.156
Case-control	3	0.84 (0.68–1.04)	0.111	58.1	0.06
Class of CCB
DiCCB	4	0.80 (0.65–0.98)	0.032^a	72.9	0.011
Non-DiCCB	2	0.70 (0.53–0.92)	0.013^a	0	0.546
Gender
Men	3	0.85 (0.66–1.12)	0.243	53.1	0.118
Women	3	0.67 (0.55–0.81)	<0.001^a	0	0.919
Sensitivity analysis
All studies except Pasternak et al. [15]	—	0.85 (0.71–1.01)	0.080^a	NA	NA
All studies except Becker et al. [19]	—	0.83 (0.68–1.01)	0.071^a	NA	NA
Quality
High	2	0.70 (0.61–0.81)	<0.001^a	0	0.774
Medium	4	0.89 (0.72–1.09)	0.272	55.3	0.062

P value representing significant inverse association between CCBs use and Parkinson’s disease.
CCB: calcium channel blockers, DiCCB: dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, and NA: not available.
CI: confidence interval.