A Systematic Review of Peripheral and Central Nervous System Involvement of Rheumatoid Arthritis, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome, and Associated Immunological Profiles

Table 1

Most frequent autoantibodies in nervous system involvement in connective tissue diseases SLE, SS, and RA.

Connective tissue diseases	Autoantibodies (% of positive patients, clinical association)
SLE	ANA; Anti-dsDNA (nephritis, disease activity); Anti-ribosomal P (disease activity, NPSLE); Anti-Sm (highly specific for SLE); Anti-Ro (DD Sjögren’s syndrome); Anti-La (DD Sjögren’s syndrome); Antiphospholipid (thrombosis); AQP-4 (overlap NMO spectrum)
SS	ANA; Anti-Ro (DD SLE); Anti-La (DD SLE); RF (lymphoma); Cryoglobulins (vasculitis, lymphoma); AQP-4 (overlap NMO spectrum)
RA	ANA

SLE: systemic lupus erythematosus, NP: neuropsychiatric, SS: Sjögren’s syndrome, RA: rheumatoid arthritis, ANA: antinuclear antibodies, Anti-Sm: anti-Smith, Anti-Ro: Ro antigen, Anti-La: lupus anticoagulant, anti-dsDNA: anti-double-stranded DNA, RF: rheumatoid factor, DD: differential diagnosis, AQP-4: Aquaporin, and NMO: Neuromyelitis optica.