Report of wheezing at age of 3 but not at age of 4
Report of wheezing at age of 3 as well as at age of 4
No report of wheezing at age of 3 but wheezing reported at age of 4
Sex, study arm, allergic mother/father, mother/father’s education, maternal smoking during pregnancy, breastfeeding at 3 months, gas stove, unvented gas water heater, siblings at birth, smoking at home, dampness in living room/child’s bedroom, pets, daycare attendance, Dutch nationality, moving houses before age of 8
Pollutant levels only measured for four 2-week periods in a single year, risk of recall bias, no adjustment for familial history of asthma, race, or socioeconomic status (outside of education)
Report of wheezing before age of 3 but no wheezing after age of 6
Report of wheezing before age of 3 as well as after age of 6
No report of wheezing before age of 3 but wheezing at age of 6 or later
Sex, study arm, allergic mother/father, mother/father’s education, maternal smoking during pregnancy, breastfeeding at 3 months, gas stove, unvented gas water heater, siblings at birth, smoking at home, dampness in living room/child’s bedroom, pets, daycare attendance, Dutch nationality, moving houses before age of 8
Pollutant levels only measured for four 2-week periods in a single year, risk of recall bias, no adjustment for familial history of asthma, race, or socioeconomic status (outside of education)
At least 3 episodes of wheezing before age of 2 but no episodes between ages of 3 and 4
At least 1 wheezing episode before age of 2 and at least 1 wheezing episode between ages of 3 and 4
No episode of wheezing before age of 2 but at least 1 episode of wheezing between ages of 3 and 4
Municipality, socioeconomic status, heredity, mother’s smoking during pregnancy and infancy, year that house was built, damp or mold in the home at birth, and sex of the child
Risk of recall bias, no adjustment for race, endpoint is early for persistent asthma diagnosis
Parental reporting of doctor-diagnosed asthma/wheeze
None
None
Onset of doctor-diagnosed asthma after age of 4 years
Sex, parental atopy, maternal smoking in pregnancy, paternal education, and maternal marital status at the child’s birth. Parental atopy was defined as a history of maternal or paternal asthma, hay fever, or eczema
Risk of recall bias, no adjustment for race nor socioeconomic status (except education and marital status)
(Pennington et al., 2018), Atlanta, Georgia, USA [22]
Birth cohort (KAPPA)
Birth – 6 years
24 608
Dispersion model (RLINE)
CO, PM2.5,
CO median: 0.59 ppm; median: 55.5 ppb PM2.5 range: (0.06, 13.8), median 1.55 µg/m3
At least one doctor diagnosis of asthma and one asthma-related medication dispensing after the first year of life from medical records
None
Evidence of incident asthma who also had evidence of asthma in the past year at each follow-up age up to age of 5 years
None
Sex, race, ethnicity, maternal asthma, maternal age, parental education, maternal marital status, neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES), birth year, and city region
Results presented as absolute risk difference, difficult to interpret
Parental reporting of doctor-diagnosed asthma or wheezing in the past 12 months at ages of 1, 2, 3, and 4
Wheezing occurring between 0 and 2 years of age and not till age of 4
Wheezing occurring between 0 and 2 years of age and persisting till age of 4
Wheezing occurring between 2 and 4 years of age
Sex, birth weight, family socioeconomic status, maternal education level, maternal history of asthma, allergic rhinitis, or eczema, paternal history of asthma, allergic rhinitis, or eczema, maternal smoking during pregnancy, exposure to environmental tobacco smoke at home during the first year, exclusive breastfeeding during the first 3 months, type of child care during the first 6 months, stressful family events during the first 2 years, body mass index ≥ 85th percentile for age and sex at 2–3 years, use of gas for cooking or heating in the home, and visible mold in the home
Potential for recall bias, no adjustment for race, endpoint is early for persistent wheezing diagnosis
(Sbihi et al., 2017), Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada [4]
At least two primary care physician diagnoses within a 12-month period or a minimum of one hospital admission was identified as asthma cases each year
Asthma definition is met by age of 1 with asthma prevalence peaking among the group by age of 2 and no asthma activity after age of 6
Asthma develops by age of 3 with asthma prevalence peaking among the group by age of 4 that is sustained until the end of follow-up
Asthma develops by age of 3 with asthma prevalence peaking among the group by age of 6 and is sustained until the end of follow-up
Sex, parity, breastfeeding initiation, birth weight, delivery mode, maternal smoking and educational attainment, and household income
Did not adjust for familial history of asthma, race, ethnicity Odds ratios reported only to 1 decimal place, only study to find an association between TRAP and late-onset asthma
No result on the association between pollutant exposure and late-onset asthma phenotype was reported. Asthma phenotypes were defined based on group based trajectory modelling.
