Monitoring and Modelling the Trends of Primary and Secondary Air Pollution Precursors: The Case of the State of Kuwait

Table 2

Summary of recent studies conducted in the state of Kuwait focused on primary pollutants monitoring and source determination.

Reference	Primary pollutants studied	Notes
Al-Salem and Khan [10]	NO𝑥, NO, SO2, CO, H2S, NH3	Monitoring the trends and diurnal patterns of Al-Riqa and Fahaheel areas. A number of exceedences were recorded in violation of KUEPA rules and regulations.
Sebzali and Al-Salem [32]	NMHC, NO𝑥, SO2, CO, H2S, NH3	A neural network was developed based on multilayer processor modeling in Al-Mansoriah area. The study was used to estimate primary pollutants with a high accuracy.
Khan and Al-Salem [33]	C6H6, Cl2, NO2, NO𝑥, H2S, CH4	Three years of data were assessed and filtered to execute concentration roses around a receptor point. Combustion and downstream activities were determined to be the major source.
Al-Salem [34]	CH4, CO	A series of wind and concentration roses were executed to investigate the source of the two pollutants around Fahaheel. Patterns and shapes determined that the refineries belt side was the major contributor to the load.
Al-Salem et al. [35]	NO𝑥, NO, SO2, CO, H2S, NH3	Al-Mansoriah area was investigated and levels of NH3 were exceeding threshold limits. The area was determined to be a NOx sensitive area in the state of Kuwait.
Albassam et al. [36]	CO, NO𝑥, NMHC	An assessment of air quality in the vicinity of a school was carried out, NMHC was above permissible limits. Statistical analysis was used to predict a number of primary pollutant.
Khan and Al-Salem [37]	C6H6, CO, NO𝑥	Seasonal variations and metrological conditions were affecting primary pollutants dispersion and fate in the atmosphere based on this study. Using executed roses around a receptor point and analysis the authors determined the effect.
Al-Adwani et al. [38]	CO, NO𝑥, THC	An intersection was monitored for automobile primary pollutants at the switch period of MTBE unleaded gasoline in Kuwait. CO and THC emissions increase as volatility increases.