Biofuels Production from Biomass by Thermochemical Conversion Technologies

Table 2

Physicochemical characteristics of bio-oils obtained by different processes/biomass types.

Study	Biomass source	Pyrolysis temperature; (°C)	Bio-oil yield; (wt%)	Moisture content; (wt%)	pH	Specific gravity; @°C	C	H	N	O	Ash; (wt%)	Calorific value (MJ/kg)	Viscosity (cP) @ temperature (°C)	Solids; (wt%)	Distillation residue; (wt%)
Salehi et al., [6]	Sawdust of mixture of woods	500	33–45	39	1.85	1.05@15	30.72	6.67	1.07	61.54	—	10.93	9.84@25	—	—
Czernik and Bridgwater, [27]	Wood	—	—	15–30	2.5	1.20@15	54–58	5.5–7.0	0–0.2	35–40	0–0.2	16–19*	40–100@50	0.2–1.0	up to 50
Ates and Isikdag, [28]	Oat straw	600	20.3	—	—	—	65.0	6.9	1.3	26.9	—	32.74*	—	—	—
	Wheat straw		19.1	—	—	—	71.1	8.5	0.5	19.8	—	27.09*	—	—	—
Azeez et al., [29]	Beech	470	62.7	22.2	2.5	—	41.4	7.1	0.2	51.2	—	16.9	15.2^∗∗@40	0.2	15^#
	Spruce		62.7	22	2.8	—	42.3	7.2	0.2	50.3	—	17.2	14.8^∗∗@40	0.1	15.4^#
	Iroko		50.6	32.3	2.9	—	38.2	7.5	0.3	54	—	15.9	—	0.2	14.1^#
	Albizia		54.7	25.1	2.9	—	41.9	7.4	0.6	50.1	—	17.4	57.1^∗∗@40	0.2	12.2^#
	Corn cob		56.7	32.2	3	—	38.1	8	0.7	53.2	—	15.8	6.7^∗∗@40	0.1	8.5^#
Bhattacharya et al., [30]	Pine : polystyrene; (50 : 50 w/w)	525	64.9	9.47	2.82	0.98@15	66.27	6.72	<0.5	7.02	—	28.42*	28.94^∗∗@---	—	—
	Pine : high-density polyethylene; (50 : 50 w/w)	450	38.9	10.65	3.21	1.24@15	74.38	9.11	<0.5	6.33	—	27.68*	—	—	—
	Pine : polypropylene; (50 : 50 w/w)	450	46	5.44	3.02	1.09@15	79.7	10.64	<0.5	9.5	—	36.94*	23.6^∗∗@---	—	—
	Pine wood	450	50.10	13	3.1	1.19@15	57.2	7	<0.09	32.2	—	—	80.7^∗∗@---	—	—
Boateng et al., [31]	Switchgrass	480	60.71	23.02	—	1.25@15	40.78	6.98	0.33	47.25	0.011	16.02	22.14^∗∗@40	—	—
Fonts et al., [32]	Wastewater sludge	550	~50	27.2–46.6	—	0.972–0.975@15	—	—	—	—	—	30.60–32.09*	—	0.07–0.12	—
Garcìa-Pérez et al., [33]	Softwood	500	45.0–53.9	—	3.0	1.188@20	62.59	7.02	1.05	29.02	0.25	27.9*	62^∗∗@50	—	—
He et al., [34]	Swine manure	350	76.2	—	—	—	77.9	9.4	4.6	7.0	1.0	38.63*	—	—	—
Hilten et al., [35]	Pine wood pellets	450	57.7	10.0	2.48	1.18@15	64.9	7.1	0.2	27.8	—	27.6*	300^∗∗@40	—	—
Miao and Wu, [36]	Microalgae	450	57.2	—	—	0.92	76.22	11.61	0.93	11.24	—	41*	20@40	—	—
Mullen et al., [37]	Corn cob	500	61.0	—	—	—	55.14	7.56	0.56	36.9	0.08	19.5*	—	—	—
	Corn stover		61.6	—	—	—	53.97	6.92	1.18	37.94	0.09	22.1*	—	—	—
Mullen et al., [38]	Whole barley straw	~500	42–50	26.7	2.4	—	50.78	3.2	1.37	44.42	—	24.2*	23.5^∗∗@40	—	—
	Whole barley hulls			13.8	2.4	—	54.73	5.32	1.79	38.49	—	24.1*	102^∗∗@40	—	—
	Distiller’s dried grains with solubles			18.7	6.5	—	74.02	8.92	5.05	6.24	—	32.9*	277^∗∗@40	—	—
Oasmaa et al., [3]	Pinus sylvestris	480–520	72.7	23.9	2.7	1.206	40.6	7.6	<0.1	51.7	0.03	20.1	17	0.01	—
	Forest residue (brown)		57.9	26.7	3.2	1.194	41.4	7.4	0.3	50.9	0.3	20.9	17	0.17	—
	Forest residue (green)		63.7	25.5	—	1.21	41.2	8	0.3	50.5	0.1	20.4	24	0.09	—
	Eucalyptusgrandis		70.8	20.6	2.2	1.229	42.3	7.5	0.1	50.1	0.03	19.7	23	0.09	—
	Barley straw		52.0	51.1	3.7	—	26.5	9	0.9	62.7	—	18.6	—	0.43	—
	Timothy hay		52.5	39.3	3.4	1.15	32.1	8.5	0.6	58.7	0.004	18.4	5	0.01	—
	Reed canary grass		75.0	27.4	3.6	—	39.3	7.7	0.6	51.8	—	19.7	—	0.15	—
Uzun et al., [39]	Olive-oil residue	550	—	—	—	—	69.52	8.62	1.76	21.24	—	32.13	—	—	—
Xiu et al., [40, 41]	Swine manure	500	24.2	2.37	—	—	72.58	9.76	4.47	13.19	0.13	36.05*	843@50	—	—
Yin et al., [42]	Cattle manure	310	48.76	—	—	—	73.72	8.13	1.39	16.76	—	35.53*	—	—	—
Zhang et al., [43]	Corn cob	550 (without catalyst)	56.9	—	2.8	1.18	51.94	6.96	0.82	40.28	—	18.8*	—	0.30	—
		550 (with catalyst)	~51.0	—	5.2	0.95	74.1	9.33	1.88	14.69	—	34.6*	—	0.20	—

— Not available.
*High heating value (HHV).
**Kinematic viscosity, cST.
^#Lignin content.