Review Article
Biofuels Production from Biomass by Thermochemical Conversion Technologies
Table 3
Characteristics of biochar produced by different processes/biomass types.
| Study | Biomass source | Moisture (wt%) | C | H | N | O | Ash (wt%) | Calorific value (MJ/kg) | Temperature (°C) | Yield (wt%) |
| Boateng et al., [31] | Switchgrass | 3.78 | 60.71 | 3.99 | 0.75 | 8.7 | 25.85 | 19.37 | 500 | 12.9 |
| Mullen et al., [38] | Wheat straw | — | 71.10 | 2.99 | 0.29 | 25.62 | — | 28.05* | 500 | ~35–40 |
| Abdullah and Wu, [57] | Mallee wood | 4.6 | 60.3 | 5.3 | 0.18 | 34.14 | 0.70 | 22* | 300 | ~56 |
| Acikgoz et al., [58] | Linseed | — | 61.63 | 2.57 | 4.08 | 31.73 | — | 24.12* | 550 | ~15–20 |
| Cao and Harris, [51] | Dairy manure | — | 25.2 | — | 2.22 | — | ~55 | — | 350 | ~20–35 |
| Mohan et al., [59] | Oak wood | 3.17 | 82.83 | 2.70 | 0.31 | 8.05 | 2.92 | 31.03* | 400 | 17–27 | Pine wood | 2.69 | 83.47 | 2.99 | 0.27 | 8.25 | 2.30 | 31.68* | Oak bark | 1.56 | 71.25 | 2.63 | 0.46 | 12.99 | 11.09 | 25.75* | 450 | Pine bark | 2.31 | 68.25 | 2.51 | 0.34 | 10.80 | 15.75 | 25.25* |
| Mullen et al., [37, 38] | Corn cobs | — | 77.60 | 3.05 | 0.85 | 5.11 | 13.34 | 30.0* | 500 | 18.9 | Corn stover | — | 57.26 | 2.86 | 1.47 | 5.45 | 32.78 | 21.0* | 17.0 |
| Mulligan et al., [60] | Wheat straw | 4.6 | 73.6 | 2.34 | 2.58 | 8.0 | 13.3 | 28.1* | 500 | 32 | Mallee wood | 4.6 | 78.7 | 2.48 | 1.18 | 8.7 | 8.9 | 29.9* | 36 |
| Salehi et al., [6] | Mixed sawdust | — | 83.11 | 3.69 | 0.18 | 13.02 | — | 30.77* | 500 | 20–27 |
| Uzun et al., [39] |
Olive oil residue | — | 54.98 | 2.76 | 0.53 | 41.73 | 13.81 | 15.06* | 400 | — | — | 56.21 | 2.16 | 0.32 | 41.31 | 16.77 | 14.27* | 500 | — | — | 59.01 | 1.61 | — | 39.38 | 20.17 | 15.18* | 550 | — | — | 61.16 | 1.03 | — | 37.81 | 21.60 | 15.36* | 700 | — |
| Yang et al., [61] | Palm oil waste | — | 76.81 | 1.46 | 2.32 | 11.47 | | — | 600 | 28.57 |
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*High heating value (HHV).
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