Biofuels Production from Biomass by Thermochemical Conversion Technologies

Table 3

Characteristics of biochar produced by different processes/biomass types.

Study	Biomass source	Moisture; (wt%)	C	H	N	O	Ash; (wt%)	Calorific value; (MJ/kg)	Temperature; (°C)	Yield; (wt%)
Boateng et al., [31]	Switchgrass	3.78	60.71	3.99	0.75	8.7	25.85	19.37	500	12.9
Mullen et al., [38]	Wheat straw	—	71.10	2.99	0.29	25.62	—	28.05*	500	~35–40
Abdullah and Wu, [57]	Mallee wood	4.6	60.3	5.3	0.18	34.14	0.70	22*	300	~56
Acikgoz et al., [58]	Linseed	—	61.63	2.57	4.08	31.73	—	24.12*	550	~15–20
Cao and Harris, [51]	Dairy manure	—	25.2	—	2.22	—	~55	—	350	~20–35
Mohan et al., [59]	Oak wood	3.17	82.83	2.70	0.31	8.05	2.92	31.03*	400	17–27
	Pine wood	2.69	83.47	2.99	0.27	8.25	2.30	31.68*
	Oak bark	1.56	71.25	2.63	0.46	12.99	11.09	25.75*	450
	Pine bark	2.31	68.25	2.51	0.34	10.80	15.75	25.25*
Mullen et al., [37, 38]	Corn cobs	—	77.60	3.05	0.85	5.11	13.34	30.0*	500	18.9
	Corn stover	—	57.26	2.86	1.47	5.45	32.78	21.0*		17.0
Mulligan et al., [60]	Wheat straw	4.6	73.6	2.34	2.58	8.0	13.3	28.1*	500	32
	Mallee wood	4.6	78.7	2.48	1.18	8.7	8.9	29.9*		36
Salehi et al., [6]	Mixed sawdust	—	83.11	3.69	0.18	13.02	—	30.77*	500	20–27
Uzun et al., [39]	Olive oil; residue	—	54.98	2.76	0.53	41.73	13.81	15.06*	400	—
		—	56.21	2.16	0.32	41.31	16.77	14.27*	500	—
		—	59.01	1.61	—	39.38	20.17	15.18*	550	—
		—	61.16	1.03	—	37.81	21.60	15.36*	700	—
Yang et al., [61]	Palm oil waste	—	76.81	1.46	2.32	11.47		—	600	28.57

*High heating value (HHV).