Pilot-Scale Investigation of Forward/Reverse Osmosis Hybrid System for Seawater Desalination Using Impaired Water from Steel Industry

Table 2

Source water quality and pressure requirements.

Source	Associated salinity (mg/L)	Typical pressure range, psi (bar)
Surface (fresh) water (MF/UF)	<500	15–30 (1-2)
Brackish water (RO)	500–3500	50–150 (3.4–10.3)
Brackish to saline water (RO/SWRO)	3500–18,000	150–650 (10.3–44.8)
Seawater, typical range
(i) USA	18,000–36,000	650–1200 (44.8–82.7)
(ii) Middle East	18,000–45,000