Evaluation of Separate and Simultaneous Kinetic Parameters for Levulinic Acid and Furfural Production from Pretreated Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunches

Table 1

Compositional analysis results of different types of biomass with SAA pretreatment.

Reference	[30]		[31]		[32]		[33]		This study
Biomass	Barley hull		Switchgrass		Manure fibres		Poplar		POEFBs
t^a	168		8		72		72		14
T^b	30		40		22		22		27
C^c (%)	30		15		15		32		13.13
Composition (%)	Untreated	SAA	Untreated	SAA	Untreated	SAA	Untreated	SAA	Untreated	SAA
α–Cellulose (glucan)	33.6	33.6	37.0	33.2	17.1	18.7	32.7	29.1	39.3	42.0
Hemicellulose (xylan)	30.5	30.0	15.4	17.1	12.7	10.9	16.8	12.0	29.8	32.0
Lignin	19.3	13.4	25.0	22.1	24.8	22.3	34.2	34.4	22.8	21.8
Ash	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	1.7	1.8

^at: soaking time (hours); ^bT: soaking temperature (°C); ^cC: ammonia concentration (%).