Evaluation of Separate and Simultaneous Kinetic Parameters for Levulinic Acid and Furfural Production from Pretreated Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunches

Table 5

Kinetic parameters for separate and simultaneous LA and furfural production.

Reaction rate constants	Activation energy (Ea) (kJ/mol)				Acid reaction order (–)
	Separate		Simultaneous
	0.5 M	1 M	0.5 M	1 M	Separate	Simultaneous
kGLN	132.37	108.48	25.95	61.18	0.78	4.75
kGLC1	212.40	119.49	99.27	60.36	2.00	3.51
kGLC2	188.31	62.12	18.38	4.25	1.66	1.37
kHMF	42.55	56.08	33.27	83.97	1.15	2.18
kXYN	76.76	59.22	171.74	88.81	1.02	2.37
kFUR	9.89	77.08	98.21	175.14	1.64	1.35