| Biomass | Oil content (%) | Caprylic acid, C8 : 0 (%) | Capric acid, C10 : 0 (%) | Lauric acid, C12 : 0 (%) | Myristic acid, C14 : 0 (%) | Palmitic acid, C16 : 0 (%) | Palmitoleic acid, C16 : 1 (%) | Stearic acid, C18 : 0 (%) | Oleic acid, C18 : 1 (%) | Linoleic acid, C18 : 2 (%) | α-Linolenic acid, C18 : 3 (%) | Arachidic acid, C20 : 0 (%) | Eicosenoic acid, C20 : 1 (%) | Eicosadienoic acid, C20 : 2 (%) | Behenic acid, C22 : 0 (%) | Erucic acid, C22 : 1 (%) | Lignoceric acid, C24 : 0 (%) | Others (%) | References |
| Alexandrian laurel (Calophyllum inophyllum) | NA | | | | | 13.9 | 0.2 | 15.1 | 40.3 | 25.6 | 0.2 | 0.3 | | | | | | | [22] | Almond | NA | | | | | 5.07–6.78 | 0–0.5 | 0–1.4 | 57.54–73.94 | 19.32–35.18 | 0.04–0.10 | | | | | | | 0–0.9 | [23, 24] | Andiroba (Carapa guianensis) | NA | | | | | 27 | 1 | 7 | 49 | 16 | | | | | | | | | [25] | Argemone mexicana | 30–40 | | | | 0–0.1 | 14.1–15.3 | 0–1.3 | 3.7–9.8 | 34.3–45.8 | 29.0–44.2 | 0–0.3 | 0–0.3 | | | 0–0.2 | | | | [26] | Avocado seeds | 1.1–1.6 | 0–0.28 | | 0.20–0.60 | 0.54–1.30 | 17.7–20.85 | 1.79–4.60 | 0.90–1.50 | 17.41–24.1 | 35.30–38.89 | 4.10–6.58 | 0.04–0.80 | 0.45–2.00 | | 0.40–1.11 | 0–0.12 | 1.68–3.30 | | [27, 28] | Babassu kernel (Orbignya sp.) | 60–70 | 0–5 | 0–6 | 35–48 | 13–16 | 9–10 | | 2–4 | 14–17 | 2–5 | | | | | | | | 0–5 | [25, 29, 30] | Bay laurel fruit | NA | | | 18.3 | 3.5 | 21.8 | 0.5 | 3.8 | 30.9 | 20.5 | 0.4 | | | | | | | 0.3 | [31] | Bay laurel leaves | NA | | | 26.2 | 4.5 | 25.5 | 0.3 | 3.1 | 10.6 | 11.3 | 17.1 | | | | | | | 1.4 | [24, 31] | Bitter almond | NA | | | | 0.1 | 10.3 | | 3.9 | 33.9 | 46.0 | 4.8 | 0.2 | | | | | | | [32] | Black currant (Ribes nigrum L.) | 2.2 | | | | | 6.4 | | 1.6 | 16.1 | 57.8 | 13.2 | 0.2 | | | 4.7 | | | | [33] | Burdock seeds | 15–20 | | | | | 7 | | | 20 | 69 | 4 | | | | | | | | [34] | Camelina | 38–47 | | | | 0.05–0.2 | 5.1–6.8 | 0–0.3 | 2.7–3.4 | 14.3–19.7 | 14.3–19.6 | 28.6–38.4 | 0.25–1.83 | 11.9–16.8 | 1.3–2.2 | 0.2–1.4 | 2.3–4.2 | 0–0.14 | 0–0.8 | [35–38] | Carapa seeds | 51 | | | | 0.5 | 25.3 | | 10.5 | 57.8 | 5.9 | | | | | | | | | [39, 40] | Carob seeds | 1.73–1.84 | | | | | 10.3–12.0 | 0.6 | 3.5–4.6 | 28.1–31.8 | 49.1–51.0 | 1.4–1.7 | | 0.6 | | | | | 1.7–2.5 | [41] | Castor oil | 42–54 | | | | | 0.84–1.30 | | 0.78–3.60 | 2.92–4.90 | 1.27–5.40 | 0–0.78 | 0–0.66 | 0–0.63 | | | | | 84.7–89.6a | [42–47] | Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) | 25–38 | | | | | 5.5–8.9 | | 2.7–4.8 | 5.3–8.4 | 15.7–26 | 50.0–69.3 | | | | | | | | [48–50] | Chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa L.) | 1.93 | | | | | 5.1 | | 1.1 | 21.4 | 71.1 | 0.5 | | | | 0.8 | | | | [33] | Chlorophyceae (Botryococcus sp.) | 6.19 | | | | | 20.56 | 8.20 | 4.56 | 44.74 | 6.36 | 15.55 | | | | | | | | [51] | Chlorophyceae (Chlorella sp.) | 14.05 | | | | 1.60 | 0.86 | 35.72 | 0.85 | 8.53 | 21.50 | 15.30 | 0.36 | | | | | | 15.27 | [51] | Chlorophyceae (Chlorococcum sp.) | 8.21 | | | | 0.86 | 21.65 | 0.90 | 0.50 | 20.60 | 21.30 | 2.81 | 0.42 | 16.53 | | | | | 12.66 | [51] | Chlorophyceae (Dunaliella salina) | 6.25 | | | | | 36.40 | | 5.30 | 50.81 | 7.46 | | | | | | | | | [51] | Coconut (copra) | NA | 8.0–8.9 | 6.0–6.2 | 47.0–48.8 | 17.0–19.9 | 7.8–9.7 | 0.1 | 3.0 | 4.4–7.0 | 0.8–2.2 | | | | | | | | | [24, 42, 52] | Corn | NA | | | | | 11.67–11.80 | | 1.85–2.00 | 24.80–25.16 | 60.60–61.30 | 0–0.48 | 0–0.24 | | | | | | 0.3 | [24, 42, 43] | Cottonseed | NA | | | | 0.67–3.45 | 8.83–28.70 | 0.42–4.05 | 0.89–14.72 | 10.3–30.7 | 20.6–62 | | | | | | | | | [42, 43, 53–55] | Crambe abyssinica | 35 | | | | | 2.07 | | 0.70 | 18.86 | 9.00 | 6.85 | 2.09 | | | 0.80 | 58.51 | 1.12 | | [43, 56, 57] | Crataegus monogyna | NA | | | 0.26 | 0.20 | 13.21 | | 2.23 | 33.78 | 44.60 | | | 1.37 | | 1.01 | | | | [58] | Cumaru (Dipteryx odorata) | NA | | | | | 23 | | 7 | 37 | 29 | | | | | | | | 4 | [25] | Cuphea viscosissima | NA | 0.3 | 64.7 | 3.0 | 4.5 | 7.0 | | 0.9 | 12.2 | 6.7 | | | | | | | | | [59] | Cyanophyceae (Calothrix sp.) | 3.42 | | | | | 26.95 | 6.55 | 3.99 | 55.52 | 6.94 | | | | | | | | | [51] | Cyanophyceae (Leptolyngbya sp.) | 3.23 | | | | | 13.74 | 1.53 | 4.73 | 69.52 | 5.36 | 1.56 | | | | 3.57 | | | | [51] | Cyanophyceae (Lyngbya sp.) | 2.52 | | | | 1.23 | 26.49 | 5.37 | 3.24 | 54.53 | 4.00 | 5.15 | | | | | | | | [51] | Cyanophyceae (Nostoc muscorum) | 3.22 | | | | | 26.89 | | | 54.01 | 7.85 | 11.24 | | | | | | | | [51] | Cyanophyceae (Oscillatoria acuta) | 4.47 | | | | | 13.61 | | 8.53 | 68.68 | 9.17 | | | | | | | | | [51] | Cyanophyceae (Oscillatoria marina) | 6.61 | | | | 0.21 | 18.74 | 2.01 | 4.74 | 63.15 | 8.90 | | 0.65 | | | 1.60 | | | | [51] | Cyanophyceae (Spirulina platensis) | 7.75 | | | | | 22.53 | 2.34 | 5.21 | 53.54 | 7.74 | | | | | 5.52 | | | | [51] | Cyanophyceae (Synechococcus sp.) | 4.2 | | | | | 8.74 | 82.12 | | 1.73 | 5.45 | 1.94 | | | | | | | | [51] | Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata) | NA | | | | | 2.9–3.1 | | 1.0 | 9.7–33.9 | 8.2–16.8 | 1.1–16.6 | 0.7 | 10.9 | | | 42–42.5 | | 9.6 | [60–62] | Euphorbia lathyris L. | 46 | | | | | 5.53–6.80 | 0–0.50 | 0–1.98 | 78.20–81.46 | 3.71–4.62 | 2.78–7.85 | | 0–0.50 | | | 0–0.20 | | | [63, 64] | Forsythia suspensa | 30 | | | | | 5.65 | | 1.99 | 18.68 | 72.89 | 0.79 | | | | | | | | [65] | Goji berry (Lycium barbarum L.) | NA | | | | | 15.1–21.8 | 1.0–3.1 | 2.61–4.78 | 16.7–22.4 | 37.0–44.0 | | 1.0–3.0 | | | 0.48–6.78 | | | | [66] | Grape seeds | NA | | | | 0–0.09 | 7.2–10.35 | | 3.8–6.67 | 12.80–29.1 | 52.26–65.33 | 0–0.6 | | 0–0.38 | | 0–0.10 | | | | [58, 67] | Hazelnut kernel (Corylus avellana) | 51–75 | | | | | 4.9–5.1 | 0.2–0.4 | 2.1–2.6 | 76.9–83.6 | 8.5–13.1 | 0.2 | 0–0.2 | 0–0.3 | | | | | 0–0.4 | [24, 42, 68] | Jatropha curcas | 50–60 | | | 0–0.31 | | 13.23–14.9 | 0.85–0.88 | 5.40–9.5 | 40.5–45.79 | 32.27–36.99 | 0–0.3 | | | | | | | 0–1.93 | [60, 64, 69, 70] | Jojoba (Simmondsia Chinensis) | 45–55 | | | | 0.30–3.50 | 3.10–9.00 | 0.60–2.20 | | 28.20–46.30 | 0.20–3.10 | | 0.30–3.80 | 20.80–51.50 | | | 0–14.5 | 1.40–4.40 | 0.50–19.70 | [71–73] | Karanja (Pongamia pinnata) | 30–40 | | | | | 7.4–11.6 | | 3.8–7.5 | 51.6–65.6 | 15.4–16.6 | 0–4.4 | | | | | | | 3.4–12.7 | [60, 70, 74] | Kusum (Schleichera trijuga) | NA | | | 0.31 | 15.54 | 10.35 | | 11.11 | 27.08 | 6.14 | | 15.79 | 6.17 | 0.08 | 0.01 | | | 7.42 | [75] | Lemon seeds | 33.4–41.9 | | | | | 23.5–29.4 | 0.4–0.9 | 4.1–6.5 | 24.8–29.3 | 33.2–36.3 | 3.2–7.8 | | | | | | | 0.5–1.5 | [76] | Lesquerella fendleri | | | | | 0.3 | 1.0 | 0.4 | 1.8 | 13.6 | 6.7 | 10.2 | 0.8 | 0.9 | | | | | 64.3b | [47] | Linseed | 35–45 | | | | | 4.92–5.1 | 0.3 | 2.41–2.5 | 18.9–19.7 | 18.03–18.1 | 54.94–55.1 | | | | | | | | [42, 43, 60] | Mahua (Madhuca indica) | 35–40 | | | | 0–0.14 | 16.0–28.2 | | 18.97–25.8 | 37.2–51.0 | 8.9–19.5 | 0–0.16 | | | | | | | | [60, 70, 77] | Meliaceae (Aphanamixis polystachya) | NA | | | | | 18.4 | 0.3 | 11.8 | 18.3 | 26.7 | 23.2 | 0.5 | 0.2 | | | 0.6 | | | [78] | Mesua ferrea seeds | 55–57 | | | | 0.05–2.13 | 10.85–13.64 | 0–0.09 | 13.65–14.19 | 50.71–55.93 | 13.68–19.47 | 0–0.32 | 0–1.3 | 0.18–2.92 | | 0–0.35 | | 0–0.19 | | [79–81] | Michela champaca | 45.0–45.5 | | | | 0–0.57 | 15.8–32.52 | 6.9–13.39 | 2.5–8.88 | 6.03–22.3 | 30.72–42.5 | | | 0–0.71 | | | | | | [82, 83] | Milk thistle | NA | | | | | 7.3–8.4 | | 4.6–6.8 | 22.8–28.9 | 49.7–53.6 | 0–0.3 | 2.9–4.3 | 0.8–0.9 | | 2.3–2.9 | | 0.6–0.8 | | [84] | Milkweed seed (Calotropis gigantea) | NA | | | | | 15.5–16.7 | 0–0.3 | 9.0–10.50 | 30.3–47.2 | 27.1–36.3 | 0–0.8 | 0–0.6 | | | 0–0.1 | | 0–0.4 | | [85] | Moringa seed | 38–40 | | | | 0–0.1 | 6.5–13.8 | 1.1–2.0 | 4.7–6.0 | 72.1–72.2 | 1.0–2.5 | 0–0.9 | 3.8–4.0 | 0.9–2.0 | | | | | | [86, 87] | Mustard seed | NA | | | | 0.05 | 5.54 | 0.21 | 1.51 | 8.83 | 10.79 | 20.98 | 1.21 | 5.27 | 0.70 | 1.09 | 37.71 | 1.68 | 4.43 | [36] | Neem | 20–30 | | | | 0–0.26 | 13.6–18.1 | 0–0.2 | 14.2–24.1 | 44.5–61.9 | 2.3–18.3 | 0.2–3 | 0.8–3.4 | | | | | | | [60, 88–91] | Niger (Guizotia abyssinica) | 30 | | | | | 9.2 | | 10.1 | 9.0 | 71.7 | | | | | | | | | [92] | Olive kernel | NA | | | | | 5.0 | 0.3 | 1.6 | 74.7 | 17.6 | | | | | | | | 0.8 | [24, 42] | Olive pomace | 8.5–14.9 | | | | 0–0.04 | 9.37–16.20 | 0.68–0.80 | 2.68–3.00 | 69.3–79.0 | 7.20–12.70 | 0.30–0.87 | 0–0.58 | 0–0.40 | | 0–0.22 | | | | [93–95] | Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) | NA | | | | | 9.79 | 0.13 | 1.93 | 11.94 | 74.47 | | | | | | | | 1.7 | [96] | Orange peel | NA | | | | | 38.6 | | 4.1 | 57.2 | | | | | | | | | 0.1 | [97] | Palm (Elaeis sp.) | NA | | | 0–0.3 | 0–1.1 | 35–43 | 0–0.3 | 4–7 | 40–44 | 10–14 | 0–0.2 | 0–0.3 | | | | | | 0–1.1 | [25, 35, 42, 98] | Corozo palm/Macaúba (Acrocomia aculeata) | NA | | 5.0 | 50.9 | 13.1 | 7.6 | | 3.0 | 17.9 | 2.5 | | | | | | | | | [99] | Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) | 40–50 | | | | | 6.7–11.4 | | 1.73–3.99 | 47.06–78.2 | 4.4–32.0 | 0.19–0.93 | 0–3.0 | 0–1.9 | | 2.52–3.93 | 0–0.73 | 1.23–1.83 | 0–0.1 | [42, 43, 68, 100, 101] | Peppers (Capsicum) | NA | | | | | 10.6–14.4 | | 2.7–3.9 | 5.4–7.6 | 73.9–77.9 | | | | | | | | | [102] | Pequi (Caryocar sp.) | NA | | | | | 40 | | 2 | 47 | 4 | | | | | | | | 7 | [25] | Polanga (Calophyllum inophyllum) | NA | | | | | 13.9 | 0.2 | 15.1 | 40.3 | 25.6 | 0.2 | 0.3 | | | | | | 4.4 | [22] | Poon (Sterculia foetida) | NA | | | 0.1 | 0.2 | 18.4–23.0 | 0.3 | 7.3–8.2 | 1.0–16.4 | 11.0–45.9 | 0.7–2.3 | 2.3–6.5 | | | | | | | [103, 104] | Poppy seed | 49.9–52.4 | | | | | 8.2–12.6 | 0–0.1 | 0–4.0 | 13.3–23.4 | 60.2–74.3 | 0–0.5 | | | | | | | | [24, 105] | Pot marigold seeds (Calendula officinalis L.) | NA | | | | | 3.86–4.55 | | 0–2 | 4.44–6.25 | 28.50–31.86 | 51.47–57.63 | | | | | | | | [106] | Pumpkin seeds | 45 | | | 0–0.01 | 0–0.11 | 10.2–12.51 | 0–0.15 | 5.43–6.0 | 36.1–37.07 | 43.72–45.2 | 0.18–2.6 | | 0–0.39 | 0–0.11 | 0–0.12 | 0–0.02 | 0–0.06 | | [107, 108] | Putranjiva roxburghii | NA | | | | 0.03 | 10.23 | 0.07 | 10.63 | 48.65 | 27.50 | 0.87 | 1.05 | 0.30 | | 0.24 | 0.03 | 0.31 | 0.09 | [109] | Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) | NA | | | | 0.14–0.16 | 8.3–8.9 | | 0.64–0.68 | 20.8–24.9 | 50.7–54.3 | 7.7–8.4 | 0.55–0.59 | 1.53–1.75 | 0.15–0.17 | 0.96–1.01 | 1.87–1.93 | 0.44–0.46 | | [110] | Rapeseed (Brassica napus) or canola oil | 40–44 | | | | 0–0.24 | 3.49–4.82 | 0–0.36 | 0.85–2.10 | 58.9–64.4 | 18.8–22.3 | 7.6–11.1 | 0–0.70 | 0–1.35 | | 0–1.45 | 0–1.09 | 0–0.12 | 0–2.48 | [35, 42, 43, 54, 63, 68, 69, 111, 112] | Rice bran (Oryza Sativa) | 10–26 | | | | 0.5 | 16.2 | | 2.1 | 42.8 | 37.2 | | | | | | | | 1.2 | [113] | Rosehip seed (Rosa canina L.) | 0.82 | | | 2.5 | 0.4 | 17.8 | 2.6 | 8.8 | 52.6 | 2.1 | 1.6 | 3.5 | | | 8.0 | | | | [33] | Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) seed | 35–60 | | | | 0–2.2 | 0.23–10.6 | 0.23–0.25 | 5.69–12 | 12.7–42.08 | 39.6–52.84 | 2.38–26 | 0.66–0.97 | | | | | | | [54, 114, 115] | Safflower seed | NA | | | | | 7.3–8.6 | | 1.9–1.93 | 11.58–13.6 | 77.2–77.89 | | | | | | | | | [24, 42, 43] | Sapium sebiferum | NA | | | | | 5.45 | 3.71 | 2.13 | 13.78 | 30.71 | 38.87 | | 0.59 | | | | | 4.76 | [64] | Sal (Shorea robusta) seed | 10–12 | | | 0.58 | | 3.69–8.6 | | 34.2–47.0 | 34.2–44.8 | 1.2–2.7 | | 3.5–12.2 | | | | | | | [60, 116, 117] | Sea buckthorn leaves | NA | | | | 1.6 | 19.6 | 1.5 | 3.2 | 7.1 | 9.5 | 51.1 | | | | 3.2 | | | 3.2 | [118] | Sea buckthorn peels | NA | | | | 0.4 | 32.9 | 28.6 | 1.8 | 16.1 | 8.8 | 4.4 | | | | | | | 7.0 | [118] | Sesame seeds | 35–58 | | | | | 7.0–13.1 | | 3.5–7.0 | 35.0–52.8 | 30.2–50.0 | | | | | | | | | [24, 42, 43, 119–121] | Soapnut | NA | | | | | 4.67 | 0.37 | 1.45 | 52.64 | 4.73 | 1.94 | 7.02 | 23.85 | | 1.45 | 1.09 | 0.47 | 0.32 | [69] | Soybean (Glycine max) | 18–22 | | | | | 10–14 | 0–0.3 | 2–4.1 | 23–24.1 | 52–56.2 | 0–8 | | | | | | | 0–6 | [25, 35, 36, 42, 43, 54, 68, 70, 98, 122] | Spruce bark | NA | | | 0.25 | 0.87 | 11.91 | | 3.00 | 1.25 | | | 8.65 | | | 34.22 | | 35.60 | 4.3 | [58] | Stillingia oil (Sapium sebiferum Roxb.) | 13–32 | | | 3.55 | 0.31 | 5.93–7.72 | | 2.05–2.46 | 15.24–15.93 | 29.05–29.77 | 39.54–41.20 | | | | | | | 1.75 | [123, 124] | Sunflower seed | NA | | | | | 6.08–6.8 | 0.1 | 2.9–3.26 | 16.93–17.7 | 72.9–73.73 | | | | | | | | | [24, 43, 54] | Syringa (Melia azedarach L.) | NA | | | | | 9.7–10.1 | | 3.31–3.67 | 21.69–22.31 | 63.27–64.89 | 0.34–0.43 | 0.19–0.21 | 0–0.36 | | | | | | [125] | Tallow (animal fat) | NA | | | | | 23.3 | 0.1 | 19.3 | 42.4 | 2.9 | 0.9 | | | | | | | 2.9 | [24] | Tallow (Triadica sebifera L.) | NA | | | | | 55.78 | | 0.54 | 5.92 | 9.13 | 28.55 | | | | | | | 0.1 | [126] | Terminalia catappa | NA | | | | 0–0.1 | 28.3–35.0 | 0–0.9 | 4.9–5.0 | 30.0–32.0 | 28.0–32.8 | 0–1.7 | | | | | | | | [39, 127] | Terminalia (Terminalia belerica Robx.) seed oil | 31–43 | | | | | 11.6–32.8 | 0–0.5 | 3.9–6.4 | 31.3–61.5 | 18.5–28.8 | | 0.3–0.8 | | | | | | | [128–130] | Tiger nut (Cyperus esculentus) | 78.69 | | | | 1.7 | 15.4 | | 5.3 | 65.8 | 5.5 | 0.2 | 6.1 | | | | | | | [131] | Tobacco seed (Nicotiana tabacum L.) | 38 | | | | 0.09–0.17 | 3.0–10.96 | 0–0.20 | 3.34–5.0 | 12.14–16.0 | 67.75–72.98 | 0.69–4.20 | 0.20–0.25 | 0.12–0.13 | | 0.07–0.12 | | 0–0.04 | 0.69–3.12 | [132–135] | Tung (Vernicia montana) | NA | | | | | 2.3 | | 2.4 | 5.6 | 6.3 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.9 | | | | 0.1 | 82.2c | [136–140] | Walnut (Juglans regia) | 52–70 | | | | | 7.2 | 0–0.2 | 1.9–2.6 | 15.1–18.5 | 56.0–60.7 | 12.8–16.2 | | 0–0.2 | | | | | 0–0.5 | [24, 42, 68] | Wheat germ | NA | | | | 0–0.13 | 17.4–18 | 0.17–0.23 | 0–0.7 | 16.1–16.5 | 55.1–57.7 | 7.9 | | | 0–0.28 | | | | | [141, 142] | Wheat grain | NA | 11.4 | | | 0.4 | 20.6 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 16.6 | 56.0 | 2.9 | | | | | | | 1.8 | [24] | Waste coffee ground | 10–15 | | | | | 33.99 | | 10.91 | 7.16 | 23.27 | | 4.04 | | | | | | 20.6 | [143] | Yellow oleander seed (Thevetia peruviana) | 60–65 | | | | | 15.03–23.28 | 0–0.39 | 6.16–10.71 | 43.72–44.35 | 19.85–31.99 | 0–0.79 | 0.79–2.41 | | | 0–0.49 | | | | [144–146] | Zanthoxylum bungeanum | 24–28 | | | | | 10.3 | 10.8 | 1.1 | 35.9 | 24.8 | 15.9 | | | | | | | 1.2 | [147] |
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